https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/acute-pericarditis 2026-10-25 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/acute-pericarditis-f-b2-030-1.webp Perikarderguss 78M - CT axial KM arteriell und coronar pv - 001 An axial contrast-enhanced CT scan showing a pericardial effusion (described as pericardial effusion on CT, axial, with arterial/coronary-phase contrast). Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/acute-pericarditis-f-b2-031-1.webp PERICADITIS ECG Changes A self-published diagram captioned 'acute pericarditis: ECG changes'. Dr ihab suliman, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/aortic-aneurysm 2026-10-25 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/aortic-aneurysm-f-b2-034-1.webp Ultrasonography of abdominal aortic aneurysm in axial plane Abdominal ultrasonography of a 78-year-old woman in the axial plane, showing an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/aortic-aneurysm-f-b2-034-2.webp Rupturierendes Bauchaortenaneurysma 86W - CT axial und koronar - 001 A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm shown on axial and coronal CT images. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/aortic-dissection 2026-10-25 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/aortic-dissection-f-b2-035-1.webp Disekce klasifikace DeBakey a Stanford Classification of the aortic dissection, covering the DeBakey and Stanford systems, from the file description and title. Vanda Machová MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/bundle-branch-blocks 2026-10-24 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/rbbb-v1-v6.svg Right bundle branch block: V1 and V6 An illustration, not a patient tracing. The left ventricle is activated on time, so the start of the QRS looks normal; the right ventricle follows late, giving a tall late R' in V1 and a wide, slurred S in V6. In V1 the ST depression and T inversion are the expected secondary change. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/lbbb-v1-v6.svg Left bundle branch block: V1 and V6 An illustration, not a patient tracing. The left ventricle is activated last, so the late forces point away from V1 (deep S) and towards the lateral leads (tall, broad, notched R). The ST segment and T wave sit opposite to the main QRS direction; this expected discordance is not ischaemia. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/cardiac-physical-examination 2026-10-24 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/auscultation-areas.svg Where to listen: the four auscultation areas An illustration, not a photograph. Notice that each orange listening site is not on top of its valve (lettered circle): the aortic and pulmonary sounds are heard at the 2nd space either side of the sternum, a space above the valves; the tricuspid sound at the lower left sternal border; and the mitral sound at the apex, in the 5th space on the mid-clavicular line. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/murmur-timing.svg Timing of common murmurs against S1 and S2 An illustration, not a recording. First ask whether the murmur sits in the shaded systole or in diastole, then look at its shape: aortic stenosis rises and falls in mid-systole, regurgitation from the mitral or tricuspid valve or a septal defect fills systole, aortic regurgitation fades after S2, mitral stenosis has an opening snap then a diastolic rumble, and a patent ductus carries on through S2. Diastolic and continuous murmurs are always abnormal. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/cardiac-tamponade 2026-10-25 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/cardiac-tamponade-f-b2-032-1.webp Tamponade A chest X-ray showing a pericardial effusion due to malignancy with a bulbous heart and a primary lung cancer in the right upper lobe. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/dilated-cardiomyopathy 2026-10-25 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/dilated-cardiomyopathy-f-b2-016-1.webp LVNC3 A transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiogram in apical four-chamber and parasternal short-axis views shows dilatation of both ventricles with multiple trabeculae and intertrabecular recesses in a case of non-compacted cardiomyopathy. Espinola-Zavaleta N, Soto ME, Castellanos LM, Játiva-Chávez S, Keirns C., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/ecg-interpretation 2026-10-24 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/ecg-12-lead-normal.svg Normal 12-lead ECG on ECG paper An illustration, not a patient recording. Check the calibration first (10 mm = 1 mV, 25 mm/s), then notice the pattern: lead aVR is upside down, and across the chest leads the R wave grows from V1 to V5 while the S wave shrinks. The enlarged beat shows the PR and QT intervals. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/ecg-axis-hexaxial.svg Hexaxial diagram of the QRS axis An illustration. Angles run clockwise from lead I (0 degrees, the patient's left), so +90 points down to aVF. The normal zone is -30 to +90 degrees; if the QRS is upward in both lead I and aVF the axis is between 0 and +90 degrees. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/ecg-lvh-voltage-strain.svg Left ventricular hypertrophy on the ECG An illustration, not a patient recording. In V1 and V2 the S wave is far deeper than normal; in V5 and V6 the R wave is far taller. In the left-sided leads the ST segment slopes down into an inverted T wave: the strain pattern. Voltage alone is specific but misses many cases. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/heart-failure 2026-10-24 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/heart-failure-f-b2-013-1.webp Chest radiograph with signs of congestive heart failure - annotated An annotated chest radiograph of an 83-year-old man with coronary artery bypass surgery and prior percutaneous coronary interventions presenting with laboured breathing, showing Kerley B lines, an enlarged heart, somewhat dilated pulmonary blood vessels and minor right-sided pleural effusion, consis Mikael Häggström, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy 2026-10-25 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-f-b2-016-2.webp Echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Echocardiogram in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A: apical four-chamber view with an asymmetrically thickened septum (arrow). B: colour Doppler showing the associated mitral regurgitation jet (arrow). Somma V, Raman J, Fitzpatrick L, Prior D, Paratz E. Eur Heart J Case Rep, via PubMed Central, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/restrictive-cardiomyopathy 2026-10-25 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/restrictive-cardiomyopathy-f-b2-016-3.webp Echocardiography of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis Echocardiogram in cardiac amyloidosis, an infiltrative restrictive cardiomyopathy: thick, granular ventricular walls and enlarged atria (apical four-chamber views B and D). Song B, Zhang Q, Tao L, Bao Y, Luo C. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, via PubMed Central, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/stemi 2026-10-25 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/stemi-f-b2-022-1.webp AMI bloodtests engl A self-made modification of the ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines 2005 (p. E32) graph described as showing typical changes in CK-MB and cardiac troponin in acute myocardial infarction. J. Heuser JHeuser, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/stemi-f-b2-022-3.webp 12 lead generated inferior MI A 12-lead ECG showing pardee waves indicating acute myocardial infarction in the inferior leads II, III and aVF with reciprocal changes in the anterolateral leads. Glenlarson, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/cardiology/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome 2026-10-24 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/cardiology/wpw-delta-wave.svg Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern: delta wave, short PR, wide QRS An illustration, not a patient tracing. Part of the ventricle is activated early through the accessory pathway, so the PR is short; that early spread is slow muscle-to-muscle conduction, seen as the delta wave; the rest of the ventricle is reached by the normal route, so the QRS ends up wide. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/acanthosis-nigricans-and-lichen-planus 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/acanthosis-nigricans-and-lichen-planus-f-b2-065-2.webp Acanthosis nigricans, axillär, ©WIKIDERM Clinical photograph labelled 'Acanthosis nigricans, axillar' (German for axillary), showing acanthosis nigricans at the axilla (photograph taken 16 May 2013). Dr. Thomas Brinkmeier, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/acanthosis-nigricans-and-lichen-planus-f-b2-066-1.webp Sequeira Plate 44 Plate 44, lichen planus: eruption of lilac-coloured, flat-topped papules on the front of the forearm, with silvery Wickham striae on close examination. James H. Sequeira, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/acne-vulgaris-folliculitis-and-pilonidal-disease 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/acne-vulgaris-folliculitis-and-pilonidal-disease-f-b2-058-2.webp Folliculitis post shaving SV1 A clinical photograph of folliculitis after shaving, showing multiple erythematous pustules around hair follicles. Dr. Shyam Verma, MBBS, DVD, FRCP, FAAD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/actinic-keratosis-and-premalignant-skin-lesions 2026-10-31 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/actinic-keratosis-and-premalignant-skin-lesions-f-b2-069-2.webp Actinic keratosis on ear Actinic keratoses are precancerous lesions common on sun-exposed areas of the skin, and this image shows a very common presentation of AKs on an ear. Future FamDoc, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis-f-b2-044-1.webp Atopy2010 Clinical photograph captioned "Atopy of the flexure crease of the elbow" showing atopic dermatitis in an elbow flexure. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis-f-b2-044-2.webp Atopic dermatitis child 1 Inflamed atopic dermatitis on the head of a 2-month-old child. Gzzz, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/bacterial-skin-infections-impetigo-cellulitis-necrotising 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/bacterial-skin-infections-impetigo-cellulitis-necrotising-f-b2-056-1.webp Impetigo Nase Clinical photograph labelled facial impetigo; the German description says it is the drying stage of a small-blister (vesicular) skin change on the nose, with Staphylococcus aureus grown on culture. Klaus D. Peter, Wiehl, Germany, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0 de. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/bacterial-skin-infections-impetigo-cellulitis-necrotising-f-b2-057-1.webp Facial erysipelas Clinical photograph of a person with a facial erysipelas infection. CDC/Dr. Thomas F. Sellers/Emory University, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-HHS-CDC https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/bacterial-skin-infections-impetigo-cellulitis-necrotising-f-b2-058-1.webp Blackish discolouration with vesicle formation on the thigh NF A clinical photograph showing blackish discolouration with vesicle formation on the thigh in a case of necrotizing fasciitis. Lekha Agarwal, Athar Yasin, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/contact-seborrhoeic-and-stasis-dermatitis 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/contact-seborrhoeic-and-stasis-dermatitis-f-b2-046-1.webp Cradle cap new photo help in diagnosis Clinical photograph used in the Wikipedia article on seborrhoeic dermatitis to illustrate cradle cap, with yellowish greasy scales on an infant scalp; the file caption describes cradle cap as a benign seborrhoeic dermatitis of the infant scalp. Mohammad2018, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/contact-seborrhoeic-and-stasis-dermatitis-f-b2-046-2.webp Seborrhoeic dermatitis highres Self-published clinical photograph titled 'Seborrhoeic dermatitis' in Commons category 'Stubble', i.e. a facial photograph of seborrhoeic dermatitis; the file description itself does not name the nasolabial folds. Roymishali, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/contact-seborrhoeic-and-stasis-dermatitis-f-b2-046-3.webp Stasis dermatitis (Gravitational eczema) Clinical photograph titled 'Stasis dermatitis (Gravitational eczema)' showing stasis dermatitis (gravitational eczema). No machine-readable author provided. Cardiologist61 assumed (based on copyright claims)., via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-fungal-infections 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-fungal-infections-f-b2-060-1.webp Pitiriasis Versicolor en la Espalda A clinical photograph titled in Spanish 'Fungus: Pityriasis Versicolor on the Back' showing pityriasis versicolor on the back. Dermapixel, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-fungal-infections-f-b2-060-2.webp Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor PHIL 3938 lores CDC PHIL image 3938 shows yeast-like fungal cells and short hyphae of Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor. http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20030610/22/PHIL_3938_lores.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-fungal-infections-f-b2-061-1.webp DiaperRashCandida A clinical photograph of diaper dermatitis complicated by Candida, reproduced as Figure 19 (Candida culture-positive diaper dermatitis) from the open-access article "Diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis: Mimics, Overlaps, and Complications". Elaine C. Siegfried1,†* and Adelaide A. Hebert2,†, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-fungal-infections-f-b2-061-2.webp Yeartinfection A close-up clinical photograph of dermatophytosis/ringworm described as ringworm with a mildly raised border and central clearing. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-fungal-infections-f-b2-062-1.webp Intertrigo-1 A clinical photograph credited as 'Athlete's foot or Tinea pedis lesion, a mycosis caused by a dermatophyte fungus', described as intertrigo between the toes. Drgnu23 (original uploader), via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-fungal-infections-f-b2-062-2.webp Ringworm or Tinea cruris of fungal infection A clinical photograph of tinea cruris (jock itch) showing a red, itchy, often scaly rash in the groin and upper thigh region. Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-fungal-infections-f-b2-062-3.webp Disease known as ringworm, or tinea capitis PHIL image ID 24235 is a 1960 close clinical photograph of a patient's scalp displaying symptoms of ringworm (tinea capitis) caused by the dermatophyte Microsporum nanum, with the PHIL page identifying tinea capitis as an infection of the scalp caused by dermatophyte fungi. cdc, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-lymphoma-kaposi-sarcoma-and-angiomas 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-lymphoma-kaposi-sarcoma-and-angiomas-f-b2-071-1.webp Kaposis sarcoma 01 Kaposi's sarcoma with characteristic violaceous plaques on the alar and tip of the nose in an HIV-positive female patient. M. Sand, D. Sand, C. Thrandorf, V. Paech, P. Altmeyer, F. G. Bechara, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-lymphoma-kaposi-sarcoma-and-angiomas-f-b2-073-1.webp Erythrodermic-mycosis-fungoides A clinical photograph captioned Erythrodermic mycosis fungoides. Advanced stage of mycosis fungoides in a 25-year-old man. Farahnaz Fatemi Naeini, Hamidreza Sadeghiyan, Mohsen Pourazizi, Jamshid Najafian, Bahareh Abtahi-Naeini, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-lymphoma-kaposi-sarcoma-and-angiomas-f-b2-073-2.webp Angioma A photograph described as 'A picture of a cherry angioma on my left leg. It's been measured as approximately 7mm x 3mm.' Lee Wrigley, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-viral-infections-herpes-molluscum-warts 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-viral-infections-herpes-molluscum-warts-f-b2-053-2.webp Herpes(PHIL 1573 lores) CDC Public Health Image Library photograph whose Commons caption reads 'A cold sore on the lower lip', filed in the Herpes labialis category, with a Commons file-history note that an arrow was added to the image. CDC Public Health Image Library (PHIL 1573), via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-viral-infections-herpes-molluscum-warts-f-b2-053-3.webp Tzanck test NIH Image Bank 'Herpes Tzanck Smear' image whose Commons caption reads 'Positive Tzanck test, showing three multinucleated giant cells in center.' National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-viral-infections-herpes-molluscum-warts-f-b2-055-1.webp Molluscum bumps Close-up clinical view of typical molluscum contagiosum skin bumps. Dave Bray, MD, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-viral-infections-herpes-molluscum-warts-f-b2-055-2.webp Wart ASA animated An animated photographic sequence showing two viral warts on a middle finger during treatment with a mixture of acids (e.g. salicylic acid). Steven Fruitsmaak, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/cutaneous-viral-infections-herpes-molluscum-warts-f-b2-055-3.webp Penile warts Clinical photograph of penile warts in the foreskin. Jmarchn, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/drug-eruptions-and-severe-cutaneous-reactions 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/drug-eruptions-and-severe-cutaneous-reactions-f-b2-051-1.webp Toxic-epidermal-necrolysis Clinical photograph labelled 'Toxic epidermal necrolysis' from dermnet.com, uploaded by User:Madhero88 and categorised under toxic epidermal necrolysis on Wikimedia Commons; it is the lead illustration used by the English Wikipedia article on toxic epidermal necrolysis with the caption 'Characterist Madhero88, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/erythema-nodosum-and-reactive-dermatoses 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/erythema-nodosum-and-reactive-dermatoses-f-b2-051-2.webp Erythema nodosum - Kolkata 2012-01-03 7753 Clinical photograph of erythema nodosum presenting as tender red nodules on the right shin of a patient. Biswarup Ganguly, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/hidradenitis-suppurativa-cysts-and-dermatofibroma 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/hidradenitis-suppurativa-cysts-and-dermatofibroma-f-b2-068-1.webp Inflamed epidermal inclusion cyst An inflamed epidermoid cyst (aka epidermal inclusion cyst or sebaceous cyst) on the neck. Steven Fruitsmaak, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/hidradenitis-suppurativa-cysts-and-dermatofibroma-f-b2-068-2.webp Pigmented and tenderness dermatofibroma A pigmented and tender dermatofibroma on the leg of a 34-year-old man. Jmarchn, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/hidradenitis-suppurativa-cysts-and-dermatofibroma-f-b2-068-3.webp Hidradenitis suppurativa (stage II) in axilla A clinical photograph titled 'Hidradenitis suppurativa (Hurley's Staging II) in the left axilla'. Ziyad Alharbi†Email author, Jens Kauczok† and Norbert Pallua, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.5. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/keratinocyte-cancers-and-merkel-cell-carcinoma 2026-10-31 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/keratinocyte-cancers-and-merkel-cell-carcinoma-f-b2-070-1.webp Advanced squamous cell carcinoma scalp Clinical photograph described as a neglected squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp (dated 1992), used in the English Wikipedia article on cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. Narraburra, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/keratinocyte-cancers-and-merkel-cell-carcinoma-f-b2-070-2.webp BCC Nodular type A colour clinical photograph of a basal cell carcinoma described as a red, waxy nodule on the tip of the nose with visible telangiectasias over the surface. M. Sand, D. Sand, C. Thrandorf, V. Paech, P. Altmeyer, F. G. Bechara, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/melanoma 2026-10-31 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/melanoma-f-b2-072-2.webp Melanoma border A clinical photograph of melanoma whose border is uneven, ragged, or notched, presented as part of the ABCD features for melanoma detection. Unknown authorUnknown author, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/melanoma-f-b2-072-3.webp Photography of nodular melanoma A clinical photograph captioned 'Photography of nodular melanoma', categorized under Nodular melanoma on Wikimedia Commons and sourced from DermNetNZ via StatPearls Publishing LLC. DermNetNZ, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/melanoma-f-b2-072-4.webp Melanoma (1) An asymmetrical, brown lesion on the skin on the bottom of the foot, described as melanoma with characteristic asymmetry, border irregularity, color variation and large diameter; filed under Acral lentiginous melanoma. Kelly Nelson (Photographer), via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/melanoma-f-b2-072-5.webp Photograph of lentigo maligna melanoma A lentigo maligna melanoma presenting as a 2 x 1 cm brown patch on the patient's left cheek. Omar Bari, Philip R. Cohen, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/pemphigus-and-bullous-pemphigoid 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/pemphigus-and-bullous-pemphigoid-f-b2-042-3.webp Anchoring junctions OpenStax 'Figure 4.5: Types of Cell Junctions' diagram of epithelial cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions, including a desmosome with keratin intermediate filaments, an adherens junction, and a hemidesmosome attaching to the basal lamina. OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/pemphigus-and-bullous-pemphigoid-f-b2-052-2.webp Bullous pemphigoid new image An uploaded image titled 'Bullous pemphigoid new image', whose attached French description of bullous pemphigoid identifies tense blisters as the characteristic finding and is used on multiple Wikipedias to illustrate pemphigoid. Mohammad2018, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/pemphigus-and-bullous-pemphigoid-f-b2-052-3.webp Pemphigus vulgaris Wikimedia Commons file titled "Pemphigus vulgaris", self-published as own work by User:সাজিদ শরীফ on 2024-11-24 and placed in the pemphigus vulgaris category, with no further clinical detail on the file page. সাজিদ শরীফ, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/pemphigus-and-bullous-pemphigoid-f-b2-053-1.webp Arms from a case of dermatitis herpetiformis Black-and-white photograph described on its file page as showing a male patient's arms, from a case of dermatitis herpetiformis (St Bartholomew's Hospital Photographic Society, 1893). https://www.calmview.co.uk/BartsHealth/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=SBHB%2fMU%2f14%2f35%2f18%2f1&pos=1, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/psoriasis 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/psoriasis-f-b2-047-1.webp Psoriasis on Human shins A clinical photograph titled 'Psoriasis on shins', showing psoriasis on human shins. Drb206, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/psoriasis-f-b2-047-2.webp Luszczyca paznokcia A clinical photograph of a nail displaying the characteristic pitting of psoriasis. Seenms, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/rosacea-and-pityriasis-rosea 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/rosacea-and-pityriasis-rosea-f-b2-066-2.webp Rhinophyma 01 Clinical photograph described as 'Rhinophyma. Large exophytic, pink, lobulated mass over the nose with superficial vascular dilation. The lesion is spreading to the cheeks; however, it can also be limited to the nose.' M. Sand, D. Sand, C. Thrandorf, V. Paech, P. Altmeyer, F. G. Bechara, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/rosacea-and-pityriasis-rosea-f-b2-067-1.webp Sequeira Plate 42 Colour plate (1919) of pityriasis rosea in which the eruption was on the trunk and upper segments of the limbs, consisting of a primary or herald patch on the left flank and medallions and smaller spots covered with a fine scale. James H. Sequeira, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/dermatology/vitiligo-and-pigment-disorders 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/dermatology/vitiligo-and-pigment-disorders-f-b2-067-2.webp Vitiligo2 Vitiligo of the hand in a person with dark skin. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/emergency-medicine/head-and-spinal-injury-in-trauma 2026-10-31 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/emergency-medicine/head-and-spinal-injury-in-trauma-f-b2-523-2.webp Grosses epidurales Haematom nach Sturz 87W - CT - 001 CT of a large post-traumatic epidural haematoma described as a somewhat inhomogeneous, largely clearly hyperdense mass with a convex margin against the brain parenchyma, with mass effect and initial subfalcine herniation. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/emergency-medicine/head-and-spinal-injury-in-trauma-f-b2-523-3.webp Trauma subdural An axial CT scan of the brain described as an example of subdural haemorrhage caused by trauma, with the collection spreading as a crescent over the cerebral hemisphere. Glitzy queen00 at English Wikipedia, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/emergency-medicine/thoracic-trauma 2026-10-31 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/emergency-medicine/thoracic-trauma-f-b2-520-1.webp Hemorragic effusion An echocardiogram/ultrasound of a very large hemorrhagic pericardial effusion; the pericardial effusion article caption identifies closed and open arrows pointing to the heart and the effusion. Jmh649, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/emergency-medicine/thoracic-trauma-f-b2-524-2.webp Rippenserienfraktur Röntgen Thorax Chest X-ray showing a serial (multiple) rib fracture on the left involving ribs 2-10, with the dislocated fractures of ribs 5-7 especially conspicuous. Sjoehest, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/emergency-medicine/thoracic-trauma-f-b2-525-1.webp AoDiss ChestXRay A chest X-ray of an aortic dissection, Stanford type A. J. Heuser JHeuser, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/emergency-medicine/thoracic-trauma-f-b2-525-2.webp Paradoxical-breathing illustration of paradoxical breathing caused by an unstable chest wall (flail chest). Baedr-9439, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/emergency-medicine/thoracic-trauma-f-b2-521-1.webp Spannungspneu+Drainage A left-sided tension pneumothorax before (top) and after (bottom) chest-drain placement, with the description stating that the displacement of the mediastinum to the healthy side is clearly visible and lung markings are absent in the pneumothorax. Cupr78up, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/acromegaly 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/acromegaly-f-b2-095-1.webp Endocrine growth regulation Growth hormone from the pituitary gland acts on muscle and on the liver, where it stimulates IGF-1, which in turn drives bone growth. Mikael Häggström. When using this image in external works, it may be cited as: Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 2002-4436. Public Domain. or By Mikael Häggström, used with permission., via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/adrenal-insufficiency 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/adrenal-insufficiency-f-b2-098-1.webp 1818 The Adrenal Glands Both adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and are composed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, all surrounded by a connective tissue capsule; the cortex can be subdivided into additional zones, all of which produce different types of hormones. OpenStax College, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/antihyperglycaemic-drugs-and-insulin 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/antihyperglycaemic-drugs-and-insulin-f-b2-077-1.svg Typical time course of insulin action after injection A teaching schematic of relative duration and peak; actual timing varies with product, dose, injection site and person. Check the product label. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/cushing-syndrome 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/cushing-syndrome-f-b2-092-1.webp The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: CRH, ACTH, cortisol and feedback Contributed by Hine J, Schwell A, Kairys N., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/cushing-syndrome-f-b2-092-5.webp Cushing's syndrome (vector image) Illustration of the features of Cushing syndrome Mikael Häggström, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/diabetes-chronic-complications 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/diabetes-chronic-complications-f-b2-078-2.webp Fundus - diabetic retinopathy Fundus photograph in diabetic retinopathy showing scattered hard exudates near the macula. Shaofeng Hao, Changyan Liu, Na Li, Yanrong Wu, Dongdong Li, Qingyue Gao, Ziyou Yuan, Guanyan Li, Huilin Li, Jianzhou Yang, and Shengfu Fan., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/diabetes-chronic-complications-f-b2-078-3.webp Advanced diabetic retinopathy, fundus photograph Fundus photograph in advanced diabetic retinopathy showing hard exudates, retinal haemorrhages and peripheral laser photocoagulation scars. MarkPanin, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/diabetes-insipidus 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/diabetes-insipidus-f-b2-097-2.webp Central diabetes insipidus: pathway of ADH action in the collecting duct Central diabetes insipidus: without ADH, the V2 receptor, cAMP and AQP2 pathway in the collecting duct is not switched on, so water is not reabsorbed. Mutter CM, Smith T, Menze O, Zakharia M, Nguyen H. Diabetes Insipidus: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Clinical Management. Cureus 2021;13(2):e13523, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/hyperprolactinaemia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/hyperprolactinaemia-f-b2-096-1.webp Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin (HPP) axis diagram A diagram of regulation of prolactin secretion by the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin (HPP) axis, including dopaminergic inhibition from TIDA neurons, stimulatory factors (TRH, VIP, estrogen), short-loop feedback and prolactin's major target tissues. QoopyQoopy, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/hyperthyroidism 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/hyperthyroidism-f-b2-083-1.webp Myxedema Pretibial myxedema and thyroid acropachy accompanying hyperthyroidism in a 33-year-old woman with painless swelling of her fingers and lower legs of about four months' duration. Herbert L. Fred, MD and Hendrik A. van Dijk, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/hyperthyroidism-f-b2-083-2.webp Proptosis and lid retraction from Graves' Disease Photograph showing a classic finding of Graves' Disease, proptosis and lid retraction. Jonathan Trobe, M.D. - University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/hyperthyroidism-f-b2-084-1.webp Nodulo caliente A thyroid scintiscan showing a hypercaptating autonomous nodule with suppression of the rest of the thyroid tissue. Sincefalastrum, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/hyperthyroidism-f-b2-084-2.webp Thyroid scintigraphy Five thyroid scintigrams: normal, Graves disease with diffuse increased uptake in both lobes, toxic multinodular goitre, toxic adenoma, thyroiditis. Petros Perros, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/hypopituitarism 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/hypopituitarism-f-b2-091-2.webp Neuroendocrinology Figure Hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary hormones and their control Cs4652, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-f-b2-102-1.svg Tumours of MEN1, MEN2A and MEN2B and where they overlap Venn diagram of the tumours in multiple endocrine neoplasia: MEN1 (menin) with pituitary adenoma, pancreatic or duodenal neuroendocrine tumours and parathyroid hyperplasia; MEN2A and MEN2B (RET) sharing medullary thyroid carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma; parathyroid hyperplasia shared by MEN1 and MEN2A; mucosal neuromas and marfanoid habitus in MEN2B. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/osteoporosis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/osteoporosis-f-b2-087-1.webp Calcium regulation Calcium regulation: low blood calcium raises parathyroid hormone, which increases calcium release from bone, calcium reabsorption and vitamin D activation in the kidney, and calcium absorption from the gut. Mikael Häggström, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/osteoporosis-f-b2-087-2.webp Vitamin D synthesis metabolism pathway WikiPathways WP1531 Vitamin D synthesis and metabolism pathway: sunlight converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to vitamin D3, which is hydroxylated in the liver and then the kidney to active calcitriol, with PTH and calcium regulating the kidney step. Chris Evelo , Lucia Ribeiro , Kristina Hanspers , Alex Pico , Martijn Van Iersel , Daniela Digles , Egon Willighagen , Martina Summer-Kutmon , Mingye Wang , Denise Slenter , and Eric Weitz, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/osteoporosis-f-b2-088-1.webp Compressionfracture Lateral spine radiograph showing a vertebral compression fracture with loss of vertebral body height. Lucien Monfils, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/paget-disease-of-bone 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/paget-disease-of-bone-f-b2-089-1.webp Morbus Paget des Beckens rechts 77W - CR ap - 001 Pelvic radiograph in Paget disease of the right hemipelvis, with thickened cortex and coarse trabeculae; a left hip replacement is also visible. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/paget-disease-of-bone-f-b2-089-2.webp Morbus Paget Femur 84jm - Roe 2 Ebenen und Skelett-Szintigraphie - 001 Radiographs of the femur in two planes and whole-body bone scintigraphy in Paget disease of the femur, with increased tracer uptake in the affected bone. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/primary-hyperaldosteronism 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/primary-hyperaldosteronism-f-b2-100-1.webp Adrenal adenoma on in-phase and out-of-phase T1 MRI Axial T1 MRI of an adrenal adenoma (circled): in-phase image above, out-of-phase image below, where the lipid-rich adenoma loses signal. 'Nierenoberpol' on the image means upper pole of the kidney. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/primary-hyperaldosteronism-f-b2-100-2.webp Adrenal gland Conn syndrome4 Gross specimen of a resected aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma in Conn syndrome Michael Feldman, MD, PhD University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/siadh 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/siadh-f-b2-097-1.svg How excess ADH causes water retention and low plasma osmolality in SIADH An illustration of the mechanism of SIADH, from inappropriate ADH release to dilutional hyponatraemia. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/endocrinology/thyroid-function-tests 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/thyroid-function-tests-f-b2-081-1.webp Thyroid system The thyroid axis: thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus drives thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary, which drives thyroid hormones T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland; the thyroid hormones feed back negatively on the pituitary and hypothalamus and raise metabolism. Mikael Häggström, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/endocrinology/thyroid-function-tests-f-b2-080-1.webp Thyroid hormone synthesis Thyroid hormone synthesis in the follicular cell: iodide enters through the sodium-iodide symporter, is oxidised and bound to thyroglobulin, taken back into the cell and cleaved to release thyroxine and triiodothyronine into the blood. Mikael Häggström, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/acute-cholecystitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/acute-cholecystitis-f-b2-151-2.webp Ultrasound of acute cholecystitis Gallbladder ultrasound in acute cholecystitis: stones with shadowing, a thickened gallbladder wall and a dark rim of pericholecystic fluid between the gallbladder and the liver. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/acute-pancreatitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/acute-pancreatitis-f-b2-163-2.webp Contrast CT of acute pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis on contrast CT: the pancreas is enlarged and swollen (arrow) with fluid and fat stranding around it, in place of the sharp outline of a normal gland. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/appendicitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/appendicitis-f-b2-531-1.webp CT scan of the abdomen showing acute appendicitis CT scan of the abdomen showing an enlarged appendix, suggestive of acute appendicitis. Cerevisae, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/cholelithiasis-and-biliary-colic 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/cholelithiasis-and-biliary-colic-f-b2-151-1.webp Ultrasonography of sludge and gallstones Abdominal ultrasonography of an 83-year-old man who had biliary colic two weeks prior, showing a gallbladder wall about 3 mm thick, biliary sludge, and gallstones that create acoustic shadowing, described as gallstones without current cholecystitis. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/chronic-pancreatitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/chronic-pancreatitis-f-b2-163-3.webp Contrast CT of chronic pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis on contrast CT: multiple bright calcifications lie along the pancreas (arrow), with a dilated main pancreatic duct and an atrophic gland. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/cirrhosis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/cirrhosis-f-b2-157-1.svg Signs of cirrhosis and portal hypertension on the body An illustration of the signs of cirrhosis and portal hypertension in one patient, grouped by body region: eyes, chest, hands, abdomen and genitals. Not every patient has every sign; the signs reflect failing liver synthesis, hormone handling and portal hypertension. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/coeliac-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/coeliac-disease-f-b2-139-1.webp Dermatitis herpetiformis The Commons description states that this is dermatitis herpetiformis on the elbow of a 37-year-old Caucasian woman. Weinstock, Leonard & myers, trisha & Steinhoff, Martin & smith, jill, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/colorectal-cancer 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/colorectal-cancer-f-b2-145-2.webp Colonic carcinoma of rectosigmoid portion A barium-enema X-ray of a colorectal carcinoma (described as a type 2 tumor) in the rectosigmoid portion. 藤澤孝志, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/crohn-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/crohn-disease-f-b2-146-1.webp Small bowel barium study in Crohn disease Double-contrast small bowel barium study (enteroclysis) in Crohn disease: a fixed, narrowed segment of small bowel with abnormal mucosal folds, separated from normal-calibre loops. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/crohn-disease-f-b2-146-3.webp Colonoscopy in Crohn colitis: deep ulcers Colonoscopy in Crohn colitis: deep, well-demarcated ulcers with yellow exudate lie in inflamed colonic mucosa. Deep ulceration like this points to Crohn disease rather than ulcerative colitis. Samir at English Wikipedia, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/crohn-disease-f-b2-146-2.webp Small bowel barium study in Crohn disease: skip lesions and string sign Small bowel barium radiology in Crohn disease: diseased segments are separated by normal bowel (skip lesions), and a narrowed stricture passes only a thin thread of barium, the string sign. Al-Mofarreh MA, Al Mofleh IA, Al-Teimi IN and Al-Jebreen AM, Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology 2009, CC BY. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/diverticular-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/diverticular-disease-f-b2-143-1.webp CT of acute sigmoid diverticulitis Coronal contrast CT of acute sigmoid diverticulitis: the sigmoid wall is thickened, diverticula are present and the surrounding fat is inflamed, with a small contained perforation and abscess. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/gastro-oesophageal-reflux-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/gastro-oesophageal-reflux-disease-f-b2-130-3.webp Oesophagus-Ca AEG I Barium swallow (Breischluckuntersuchung) described on its file page as an adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction, type 1, with the main mass above the cardia. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/gastro-oesophageal-reflux-disease-f-b2-130-4.webp Oesophagus-Striktur bei Reflux kurzstreckig - 66w - RF - 001 Barium-contrast fluoroscopic X-ray whose file page describes a short stricture of the lower esophagus in long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/gastro-oesophageal-reflux-disease-f-b2-132-1.webp Barrett oesophagus at endoscopy Barrett oesophagus at endoscopy: salmon-pink columnar mucosa lines the lower oesophagus in place of the pale squamous lining. The dark crescents are fresh biopsy sites from four-quadrant (Seattle protocol) sampling. Samir, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/hepatitis-b-and-d 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/hepatitis-b-and-d-f-b2-155-2.svg Serology in acute hepatitis B that resolves An illustration of a typical acute infection that resolves. HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA come first and clear; anti-HBc IgM marks recent infection. Between loss of HBsAg and the appearance of anti-HBs lies the window period, when anti-HBc may be the only marker. Anti-HBs with anti-HBc IgG means recovery; timing varies between people. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/hernias 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/hernias-f-b2-149-2.webp Direct inguinal hernia seen at laparoscopy A direct inguinal hernia seen from inside the abdomen at laparoscopy: the defect (1) lies medial to the inferior epigastric vessels (2), in Hesselbach's triangle. An indirect hernia passes lateral to these vessels. Anpol42, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/hernias-f-b2-149-3.webp Indirect (oblique) inguinal hernia: the varieties Varieties of indirect (oblique) inguinal hernia: the sac passes through the deep inguinal ring and along the inguinal canal, in the complete forms reaching the testis and its covering, the tunica vaginalis. Gray's Anatomy, plate 1084. Henry Vandyke Carter, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-old-100-expired https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/hiatal-hernia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/hiatal-hernia-f-b2-133-1.webp Hiatus hernia Schematic diagram of types of hiatus hernia: normal anatomy, pre-stage, sliding hiatus hernia (panel C), and paraesophageal hiatus hernia, with color-coded esophagus, stomach, diaphragm, and HIS angle. Mysid, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/hiatal-hernia-f-b2-133-2.webp Digestive system - Paraesophageal hernia -- Smart-Servier A medical illustration titled 'Paraesophageal hernia' from SMART-Servier Medical Art showing a paraesophageal hiatal hernia. Laboratoires Servier, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/large-bowel-obstruction 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/large-bowel-obstruction-f-b2-143-2.webp Water-soluble contrast enema in large bowel obstruction Water-soluble contrast enema in a mechanical large bowel obstruction (here a right colon volvulus): the contrast column stops at an abrupt narrowing with a bird's-beak taper (red arrows), and the colon proximal to it is dilated. Luu N. Pham, Jericho Ghanem and Troy Kerner, Cureus 2026, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer-disease-f-b2-135-1.webp Free air under the diaphragm from a perforated viscus Pneumoperitoneum after perforation: free air under the diaphragm on the chest radiograph (left, here a supine film; an upright film shows the crescent more clearly) and free intraperitoneal air in front of the liver on CT (right). Cerevisae, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/portal-hypertension-ascites-and-sbp 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/portal-hypertension-ascites-and-sbp-f-b2-157-2.svg Portosystemic anastomoses in portal hypertension An illustration, not an anatomical map. When portal pressure rises, blood bypasses the liver through three collateral routes: oesophageal varices (left gastric to azygos veins), caput medusae (paraumbilical to epigastric veins) and anorectal varices (superior to middle and inferior rectal veins). A TIPS joins the portal vein to a hepatic vein inside the liver to lower the pressure. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/small-bowel-obstruction 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/small-bowel-obstruction-f-b2-141-1.webp Supine abdominal radiograph: small bowel obstruction Supine abdominal radiograph of small bowel obstruction: gas-filled, dilated small bowel loops lie centrally and the colon holds little gas, which points to a small bowel obstruction. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/small-bowel-obstruction-f-b2-141-2.webp Lateral decubitus abdominal radiograph: air-fluid levels Decubitus abdominal radiograph in adhesive small bowel obstruction: multiple dilated small bowel loops with air-fluid levels, seen with the patient on their side. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/ulcerative-colitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/ulcerative-colitis-f-b2-147-3.webp Normal barium enema: haustral markings Normal barium enema for comparison: haustral folds are visible along the whole colon, the bowel outline is smooth and the lumen is of normal width. In ulcerative colitis the haustra are lost and the colon becomes a narrow, featureless tube. The original uploader was Glitzy queen00 at English Wikipedia., via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/ulcerative-colitis-f-b2-147-2.webp Lead-pipe colon in ulcerative colitis Lead-pipe colon in long-standing ulcerative colitis, on a plain abdominal radiograph: the left colon is a smooth, narrow tube, with the haustral folds lost (compare the normal barium enema above). Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/ulcerative-colitis-f-b2-147-4.webp Colonoscopy in active ulcerative colitis Colonoscopy in active ulcerative colitis: diffuse erythema, loss of the normal vascular pattern, ulceration and exudate, with continuous involvement rather than skip areas. Joachim Guntau = J. Guntau, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0 de. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/de/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gastroenterology/wilson-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gastroenterology/wilson-disease-f-b2-161-1.webp Kayser-Fleischer ring Kayser-Fleischer ring in Wilson disease: copper deposited in Descemet's membrane forms a brown or golden-green ring at the corneal limbus. It is best confirmed by slit-lamp examination. Herbert L. Fred, MD, Hendrik A. van Dijk, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gynecology/benign-breast-lesions 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/benign-breast-lesions-f-b2-371-1.webp Phyllodes tumour A benign phyllodes tumour of the breast H&E micrograph at low power magnification showing a myxoid cellular stroma separated by long clefts of compressed epithelial tissue. Nephron, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gynecology/breast-cancer-screening-and-systemic-therapy 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/breast-cancer-screening-and-systemic-therapy-f-b2-373-1.webp Mammography and scintimammography of carcinoma Medio-lateral mammographic projection of a 4.5-cm ductal carcinoma in situ of the left breast showing microcalcifications behind the nipple, with adjacent scintimammography images. Vassilios Papantoniou, Spyridon Tsiouris, Ekaterini Mainta, Varvara Valotassiou, Michael Souvatzoglou, Maria Sotiropoulou, Lydia Nakopoulou, Dimitrios Lazaris, Androniki Louvrou, Maria Melissinou, Artemis Tzannetaki, Ioannis Pirmettis, John Koutsikos and Cherry Zerva, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/breast-cancer-screening-and-systemic-therapy-f-b2-373-2.webp Mammogram images of clustered calcifications at CC view and MLO view A Wikimedia Commons mammogram image showing grouped calcifications in the breast at craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views. Cerevisae, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/breast-cancer-screening-and-systemic-therapy-f-b2-373-3.webp Ultrasound showing left breast 9 to 10 OC mass with significant shadowing and echogenic foci Left breast ultrasound showing a 9 to 10 o'clock mass measuring 2.4 x 4.0 x 3.4 cm with significant shadowing and echogenic foci; the biopsy was invasive breast carcinoma. Cerevisae, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gynecology/cervical-cancer-and-screening 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/cervical-cancer-and-screening-f-b2-362-1.webp Cervical Cancer Staging Image Anatomical diagrams of each stage of cervical cancer, with a few sub-stages from the 2019 FIGO guidelines omitted. Edna Maite Mohuba, Tebogo Maria Mothiba, and Livhuwani Muthelo, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gynecology/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-in-females 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-in-females-f-b2-350-1.webp Adrenal Steroids Pathways A colour-coded pathway diagram showing cholesterol converted to mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens (androstenedione/testosterone) in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex, plus DHT, oestrogens and other products in p Matthew Colo, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gynecology/endometrial-cancer 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/endometrial-cancer-f-b2-360-1.webp Endometrial fluid accumulation, postmenopausal Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a uterine fluid accumulation in a postmenopausal woman whose biopsy showed endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Mikael Häggström. When using this image in external works, it may be cited as: Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 2002-4436. Public Domain. or By Mikael Häggström, used with permission., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/endometrial-cancer-f-b2-360-2.webp Polypoidal endometrial carcinoma A gross photograph of a polypoidal endometrial carcinoma in an opened uterus. علاء, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gynecology/menarche-and-female-development 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/menarche-and-female-development-f-b2-340-1.webp Menstrual cycle A 28-day menstrual cycle diagram showing both the ovarian and uterine (menstrual) cycles, with blood levels of FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone, plus proliferative and secretory phases of the endometrium, menstruation, ovulation, basal body temperature and ovarian follicle stages. Isometrik, Kaldari; Begoon; Marnanel, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/gynecology/vaginitis-and-vaginal-discharge 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/vaginitis-and-vaginal-discharge-f-b2-356-2.webp Micrograph of a clue cell, annotated Pap-stained micrograph showing a central clue cell coated with bacteria, an unremarkable squamous cell at the bottom left, and a neutrophil at the bottom center. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/vaginitis-and-vaginal-discharge-f-b2-356-3.webp Trichomonas vaginalis An annotated Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite labelled with axostyle, four anterior flagella, undulating membrane and nucleus. Stefan Walkowski, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/gynecology/vaginitis-and-vaginal-discharge-f-b2-356-4.webp Vaginal wet mount of candidal vulvovaginitis - original A vaginal wet mount prepared with potassium hydroxide and viewed by light microscopy at 40x, showing slings of Candida albicans pseudohyphae surrounded by round vaginal epithelial cells in candidal vulvovaginitis. Mikael Häggström. When using this image in external works, it may be cited as: Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 2002-4436. Public Domain. or By Mikael Häggström, used with permission., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/acute-leukaemias 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/acute-leukaemias-f-b2-184-1.webp Acute Myeloid Leukemia (M2 type) Bone marrow smear in acute myeloid leukaemia (M2 type): many large myeloblasts with prominent nucleoli and little normal marrow. Makysm, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/anaemia-approach-and-iron-deficiency 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/anaemia-approach-and-iron-deficiency-f-b2-173-2.webp Koilonychia iron deficiency anemia Koilonychia in iron deficiency anaemia: thin, flattened fingernails that lose their normal curve. CHeitz, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/anaemia-approach-and-iron-deficiency-f-b2-173-3.webp Iron-deficiency Anemia, Peripheral Blood Smear (4422704616) Peripheral blood smear in iron deficiency anaemia showing small pale (hypochromic microcytic) red cells and pencil-shaped cells. Ed Uthman from Houston, TX, USA, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/autoimmune-haemolytic-anaemia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/autoimmune-haemolytic-anaemia-f-b2-180-1.webp Coombs test schematic Schematic of the direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test, which detects antibodies already bound to the patient's red cells, and the indirect test, which detects antibodies in the patient's serum; agglutination after adding anti-human globulin is a positive result. No machine-readable author provided. A. Rad~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims)., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia-f-b2-185-1.webp B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) Blood film in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia showing an excess of small, mature lymphocytes with dense round nuclei. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia-f-b2-185-2.webp Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (lymphocytosis and smear cells) Blood film in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia showing lymphocytosis and smudge cells, the fragile lymphocytes crushed during film preparation. Prof. Erhabor Osaro, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/cml-and-hairy-cell-leukaemia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/cml-and-hairy-cell-leukaemia-f-b2-186-1.webp HD.17.076 (11966201853) Scanning electron micrograph of hairy cells, leukaemic B cells covered in fine hair-like cytoplasmic projections. ENERGY.GOV, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/haemolytic-anaemias 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/haemolytic-anaemias-f-b2-176-1.webp Hereditary Spherocytosis smear 2010-03-17 Blood smear in hereditary spherocytosis: many small, dense, round red cells without central pallor (spherocytes). Paulo Henrique Orlandi Mourao, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/hodgkin-lymphoma 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/hodgkin-lymphoma-f-b2-189-1.webp Hodgkin Lymphoma CT2 Axial CT through the neck and upper chest in Hodgkin lymphoma, with the enlarged lymph node mass tinted. JHeuser, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/hodgkin-lymphoma-f-b2-189-2.webp Hodgkin's lymphoma with RS cell 10x Histology of Hodgkin lymphoma at low power: Reed-Sternberg cells with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli among small lymphocytes. Calicut Medical College, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/multiple-myeloma 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/multiple-myeloma-f-b2-190-1.webp Serum protein electrophoresis normal and paraprotein Serum protein electrophoresis: a normal pattern above and, below, a pattern with a tall narrow monoclonal (M) spike in the gamma region. Furfur, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/multiple-myeloma-f-b2-190-2.webp Left femur with myeloma Radiograph of the left femur in multiple myeloma with scattered lytic lesions in the bone. Mikael Häggström, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/multiple-myeloma-f-b2-190-4.webp MMPlainSkull Lateral skull radiograph in multiple myeloma showing multiple punched-out lytic lesions. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/non-hodgkin-lymphoma 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/non-hodgkin-lymphoma-f-b2-187-1.webp B-NHL blood stain Low-power blood film in a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a leukaemic phase, showing many circulating lymphoma cells among the red cells. El*Falaf, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/normal-haemostasis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/normal-haemostasis-f-b2-165-1.webp Coagulation Cascade and Major Classes of Anticoagulants The coagulation cascade with its intrinsic pathway (XII, XI, IX), extrinsic pathway (tissue factor and VII) and common pathway (X, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen to fibrin), and where warfarin, heparin, factor Xa inhibitors and direct thrombin inhibitors act. SteveKong3, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/normal-haemostasis-f-b2-167-1.webp Blood clot formation Blood clot formation in simple steps: a wound exposes collagen, platelets stick and are activated, they release chemicals that trigger the clotting cascade, and fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, whose mesh traps platelets and blood cells to form a clot. Victdomi, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/sickle-cell-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/sickle-cell-disease-f-b2-179-1.webp Sickle Cell Anemia (5610746554) Blood smear in sickle cell anaemia with many sickled, elongated red cells and some target cells. Ed Uthman from Houston, TX, USA, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/sickle-cell-disease-f-b2-179-2.webp Howell-Jolly smear 2010-11-17 Blood smear for Howell-Jolly bodies, the small nuclear remnants seen in red cells after splenectomy or in functional asplenia, as in sickle cell disease. Paulo Henrique Orlandi Mourao, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/sideroblastic-and-megaloblastic-anaemia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/sideroblastic-and-megaloblastic-anaemia-f-b2-174-1.webp Micrograph of a red blood cell with basophilic stippling A red blood cell with basophilic stippling: fine blue-purple dots scattered through the cytoplasm. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/sideroblastic-and-megaloblastic-anaemia-f-b2-174-2.webp Ringed sideroblast Bone marrow stained with Prussian blue showing a ringed sideroblast: an erythroblast with a ring of blue iron-laden granules around the nucleus. Makysm, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/sideroblastic-and-megaloblastic-anaemia-f-b2-175-1.webp Hyperlobated Neutrophil (8612790151) A hypersegmented (hyperlobated) neutrophil with six or more nuclear lobes on a blood film, a feature of megaloblastic anaemia. Ed Uthman from Houston, TX, USA, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/hematology-oncology/ttp-and-haemolytic-uraemic-syndrome 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/hematology-oncology/ttp-and-haemolytic-uraemic-syndrome-f-b2-171-1.webp Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (Schistocytes and spherocytes) Blood film in microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, showing fragmented red cells (schistocytes) and spherocytes among normal cells. Erhabor Osaro (Associate Professor), via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/acute-pharyngitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/acute-pharyngitis-f-b2-202-1.webp Streptococcal pharyngitis Pharyngitis with palatal petechiae Photo Credit: Content Providers: CDC/Dr. Heinz F. Eichenwald, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/acute-sinusitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/acute-sinusitis-f-b2-204-1.webp CT of chronic sinusitis Coronal CT sinusitis Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/anthrax 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/anthrax-f-b2-236-1.webp Cutaneous anthrax lesion on the neck. PHIL 1934 lores Clinical photograph (right lateral view of a patient’s neck) of a cutaneous anthrax lesion with characteristic coal-black coloration, caused by Bacillus anthracis. Photo Credit: Content Providers(s): CDC, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/babesiosis-and-rmsf 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/babesiosis-and-rmsf-f-b2-233-1.webp Rocky mountain spotted fever A 302 x 292 pixel clinical photograph of a hand rash caused by Rocky Mountain spotted fever, originally from the CDC. Unknown author, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/brain-abscess 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/brain-abscess-f-b2-210-2.webp Brain abscess - MRI T1 KM axial An axial T1-weighted MRI after contrast showing a brain abscess with classic ring-shaped enhancement and marked perifocal edema. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/candidiasis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/candidiasis-f-b2-212-1.webp CandidiasisFromCDCinJPEG03-18-06 An intra-oral photograph of a patient with HIV/AIDS who presented with a secondary oral pseudomembranous candidiasis infection. Photo Credit: Sol Silverman, Jr., D.D.S. Content Providers: CDC/ Sol Silverman, Jr., DDS, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-HHS-CDC https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/candidiasis-f-b2-213-2.webp Mycology algorithm Diagram of a fungal infection workup algorithm used at a microbiology laboratory, including germ-tube testing of Candida albicans. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/encephalitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/encephalitis-f-b2-210-1.webp Hsv encephalitis Coronal T2-weighted MR image showing high signal in the temporal lobes including the hippocampal formations and parahippocampal gyrae, insulae, and right inferior frontal gyrus in a patient whose biopsy was positive for HSV type I. dr Laughlin Dawes, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/endemic-mycoses 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/endemic-mycoses-f-b2-214-1.webp FungaldiseasedistributionUS A self-published 2112×1408-pixel map titled 'Distribution of fungal pneumonia across USA', categorised on Wikimedia Commons under coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis maps and maps of histoplasmosis. Sameem Arif, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/endemic-mycoses-f-b2-215-2.webp Histoplasmosis (5414173501) Macrophages in a lymph node containing numerous Histoplasma capsulatum, Diff-Quick stain. Yale Rosen from USA, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers-and-lesions 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers-and-lesions-f-b2-224-2.webp Penis syphilis Clinical photograph of chancres on the penile shaft caused by a primary syphilitic infection with Treponema pallidum (CDC Public Health Image Library image 2354, 1971). CDC/Susan Lindsley, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain#United_States_government_works https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers-and-lesions-f-b2-224-3.webp Genital herpes Clinical photograph of female genital herpes caused by HSV-2 confirmed by PCR, taken two days after onset of symptoms in a 27-year-old, with reddish blisters on the skin and white-brownish blisters on the vaginal epithelium (black arrow). Mikael Häggström, uploaded with permission from patient, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers-and-lesions-f-b2-224-4.webp SOA-Herpes-genitalis-male Clinical photograph in the SOA-AIDS Amsterdam set categorized as genital herpes in men. SOA-AIDS Amsterdam, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers-and-lesions-f-b2-224-5.webp Feigwarzen Shaved base of a penis with genital warts. Rrreeewww, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers-and-lesions-f-b2-224-6.webp Chancroid lesion haemophilus ducreyi PHIL 3728 lores This photograph depicts a patient who presented with a penile chancroid lesion surrounded by a narrow red border (CDC/Joe Miller, 1974). CDC/Joe Miller, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers-and-lesions-f-b2-224-7.webp Tzanck test A positive Tzanck test showing three multinucleated giant cells in the center, credited to the NIH Image Bank entry "Herpes Tzanck Smear". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/gonorrhoea 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/gonorrhoea-f-b2-220-1.webp Mucopurelent discharge Clinical photograph of mucopurulent cervical discharge from a CDC sexually transmitted infection diagnostic slide. Claire E Stevens and Ronald E Roddy, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/gonorrhoea-f-b2-220-2.webp Perihepatic adhesions Laparoscopic view of perihepatic adhesions following a chlamydia infection. Hic et nunc, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-self https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/gonorrhoea-f-b2-221-1.webp Gonococcal lesion on the skin PHIL 2038 lores Close-up clinical photograph of a gonococcal skin lesion on a patient's arm showing a grey pustule in disseminated gonococcal infection. This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #2038. Note: Not all PHIL images are public domain; be sure to check copyright status and credit authors and content providers. العربية / Deutsch / English / македонски / slovenščina / +/−, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/publicdomain https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/hiv-infection 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/hiv-infection-f-b2-211-1.webp HIV-timecourse simple A graph showing HIV viral load in relation to CD4+ lymphocyte count in an untreated HIV infection. Thomas Splettstoesser, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/hiv-infection-f-b2-212-3.webp Kaposi's sarcoma heel Clinical photograph of the medial side of a Kaposi sarcoma patient's right heel showing characteristic violaceous cutaneous plaques. CDC, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/hiv-infection-f-b2-212-2.svg Opportunistic infections of HIV by CD4 count An illustration, not a photograph. As the CD4 count falls the infections that need prophylaxis change: Pneumocystis under 200, toxoplasmosis under 100, Mycobacterium avium complex under 50. Tuberculosis can occur at any count. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/infectious-mononucleosis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/infectious-mononucleosis-f-b2-229-1.webp MonoThroat Exudative pharyngitis in someone with mononucleosis. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/infective-endocarditis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/infective-endocarditis-f-b2-234-2.webp Janeway lesion A clinical photograph of a Janeway lesion, a painless erythematous macule on the palm of a 36-year-old man with staphylococcal infective endocarditis. Warfieldian, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/infective-endocarditis-f-b2-234-3.webp Splinter hemorrhage Clinical photograph of a splinter haemorrhage under a fingernail (thin reddish-brown longitudinal line beneath the nail plate of the little finger). Splarka, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-self https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/lyme-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/lyme-disease-f-b2-232-1.webp Erythema migrans - erythematous rash in Lyme disease - PHIL 9875 A 2007 clinical photograph of a pathognomonic bull's-eye erythema migrans rash on a Maryland woman's posterior right upper arm at the site of a tick bite after she contracted Lyme disease. Photo Credit: James Gathany Content Providers(s): CDC/ James Gathany, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/malaria 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/malaria-f-b2-227-1.webp Malaria falciparum ring forms Ring forms of Plasmodium falciparum in red blood cells (Giemsa stain). Dr Graham Beards, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/meningitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/meningitis-f-b2-208-1.webp Neisseria meningitidis CSF Gram 1000 Photomicrograph of a Gram stain of spinal fluid at 1000x from which Neisseria meningitidis grew. Microman12345, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/osteomyelitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/osteomyelitis-f-b2-237-1.webp Spondylodiscitis LWK 34 82M - MR und CT - 001 Composite image of an 82-year-old man's L3-L4 spondylodiscitis shown by MR (sagittal T1 and T2, axial and coronal T2/STIR, T1 fat-sat after contrast) and by CT in three planes. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/pneumocystis-pneumonia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/pneumocystis-pneumonia-f-b2-217-1.webp Pneumocystis carinii 01 Methenamine silver stain of Pneumocystis jiroveci cysts in tissue from an AIDS patient, showing thick-walled Pneumocystis jirovecii organisms including characteristic cup-shaped forms and dot-like cysts. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/pneumocystis-pneumonia-f-b2-217-2.webp PCP CAP CXR PA chest radiograph of a patient with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia showing reticular interstitial markings in all lung fields. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/pneumonia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/pneumonia-f-b2-198-1.webp X-ray of lobar pneumonia Frontal chest radiograph of a 67-year-old man with right middle lobe lobar pneumonia Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/pneumonia-f-b2-198-2.webp 02-02-Infiltrat seitlich Lateral chest X-ray of pneumonia Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/pneumonia-f-b2-198-3.webp Encapsulated strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae in clinical sample sputum Gram staining Gram stain of sputum with S. pneumoniae Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/pneumonia-f-b2-198-4.webp Gram stain of Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram stain of S. pneumoniae Arnold Kaufman, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/pneumonia-f-b2-215-3.webp Nocardiosis - Gram stain Case 149 (5286067518) Microphotograph captioned 'Nocardiosis - Gram stain Case 149' in which numerous long, thin Gram-positive filaments (noted to look like Actinomyces filaments) are present, usually seen within abscesses. Yale Rosen from USA, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/syphilis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/syphilis-f-b2-221-2.webp Secondary syphilis-palmar rash Rash on the palms of both hands due to secondary syphilis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Secondary_syphilis-palmar_rash.PNG https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/syphilis-f-b2-222-1.webp Chancres on the penile shaft due to a primary syphilitic infection caused by Treponema pallidum 6803 lores A clinical photograph showing chancres on the penile shaft caused by a primary syphilitic infection with Treponema pallidum. CDC/M. Rein, VD, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/syphilis-f-b2-222-2.webp Treponema pallidum cropped Dark field photomicrograph of Treponema pallidum bacteria from a control slide of Nichol's strain of T. pallidum obtained from a rabbit testicle, stained by fluorescent antibody technique at 54X magnification. Photo Credit: Content Providers: CDC/C.W. Hubbard, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/syphilis-f-b2-222-3.webp Secondary syphilitic rash Treponema pallidum 6756 lores Clinical photograph of a patient's back covered by a secondary syphilitic rash of rough, red or reddish-brown papulosquamous lesions representing systemic spread of Treponema pallidum (CDC PHIL #6756). CDC http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20050301/0a5e1a5341c343529a69d71a3e597066/6756_lores.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/syphilis-f-b2-222-4.webp Secondary Syphilis on palms CDC 6809 lores.rsh Close-up clinical photograph of keratotic lesions on the palms of a patient's hands due to a secondary syphilitic infection. CDC/ Robert Sumpter, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/syphilis-f-b2-222-5.webp Tab 67, Combycomata, female patient, Mracek 1898 A historical colour plate labelled 'Combycomata, female perineum' showing wart-like lesions of the female perineum/vulva. https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/0a/b7/524d86ea555655fbaf5809dd4bbe.jpg Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0074250.html Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-03): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/zrj8d9f3 CC-BY-4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/syphilis-f-b2-222-6.webp Bone and soft tissue erosion, tertiary syphilis A composite medical photograph plate showing the faces of female and male patients with bone and soft-tissue erosion and facial lesions characteristic of tertiary syphilis, plus the inside of a male patient's mouth and tonsils with lesions. https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/bc/3f/7e61227384aa0182142fbaeb8160.jpg Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0074351.html Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-24): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/uvvx2tq5 CC-BY-4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/syphilis-f-b2-222-7.webp PHIL 2389 lores Clinical photograph of an infant with congenital syphilis showing rhagades, or cracks/fissures in the skin around the mouth, which the CDC caption states result from persistent infantile syphilitic rhinitis (snuffles). CDC/Susan Lindsley, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.cdc.gov/other/agencymaterials.html https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/syphilis-f-b2-222-8.webp Hutchinson teeth congenital syphilis PHIL 2385.rsh Clinical photograph of Hutchinson's teeth from congenital syphilis, with narrow, notched ('screwdriver') upper central incisors. CDC/Susan Lindsley, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.usa.gov/government-works https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/toxoplasmosis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/toxoplasmosis-f-b2-219-1.webp BrainToxoplasmosis MRI 2 07 MRI of cerebral toxoplasmosis with primary involvement in the right occipital lobe in a 48-year-old woman with AIDS. Jmarchn, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/infectious-disease/tuberculosis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/tuberculosis-f-b2-200-1.webp Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ziehl-Neelsen stained smear of sputum ZN smear of sputum Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/tuberculosis-f-b2-200-2.webp Tuberculosis-x-ray-1 Advanced pulmonary TB radiograph Unknown authorUnknown author, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/tuberculosis-f-b2-200-3.webp Chest radiograph of miliary tuberculosis 1 Miliary TB radiograph Benjamín Herreros, Isabel Plaza, Rebeca García, Marta Chichón, Carmen Guerrero and Emilio Pintor, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/infectious-disease/tuberculosis-f-b2-201-1.webp Mantoux Test 48h Measuring Mantoux test at 48 h Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #3752. Note: Not all PHIL images are public domain; be sure to check copyright status and credit authors and content providers. العربية / Deutsch / English / македонски / slovenščina / +/−, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/adult-orthopaedic-injuries 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/adult-orthopaedic-injuries-f-b2-241-2.webp AnterDisAP An AP X-ray described on Wikimedia Commons as 'Anterior dislocation of the right shoulder.' James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/adult-orthopaedic-injuries-f-b2-241-3.webp Shoulder dislocation, Y-projection before reduction A Y-projection radiograph of the left shoulder of a 25-year-old male before reduction that is described on Commons as showing an anterior shoulder dislocation. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/adult-orthopaedic-injuries-f-b2-241-4.webp Monteggia LAT Lateral radiograph of the elbow of a 63-year-old woman showing a Monteggia fracture (fracture of the proximal ulna with dislocation of the radial head at the elbow). Pfeffer55, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/adult-orthopaedic-injuries-f-b2-241-5.webp Galeazzi-Fraktur Roentgen ap und seitlich - 002 AP and lateral wrist/forearm radiographs of a Galeazzi fracture in which the lateral view clearly shows dorsal dislocation of the distal ulna. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/adult-orthopaedic-injuries-f-b2-241-6.webp Colles fracture An X-ray image of a fractured radius showing the characteristic Colles' fracture with displacement and angulation of the distal end of the radius. Ashish j29, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/adult-orthopaedic-injuries-f-b2-241-7.webp X-ray of scaphoid fracture A wrist radiograph showing a fracture across the waist of the scaphoid bone, indicated by an arrow. Gilo1969, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/adult-orthopaedic-injuries-f-b2-241-8.webp HipdisX An X-ray showing a dislocated left hip after trauma, described on Commons as a superiorly dislocated hip. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/carpal-tunnel-and-entrapment-neuropathies 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/carpal-tunnel-and-entrapment-neuropathies-f-b2-243-3.webp Phalen's Maneuver A photograph labelled 'Phalen's Maneuver' by its uploader, demonstrating the hand position named in the title. LittleT889, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/gout-and-pseudogout 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/gout-and-pseudogout-f-b2-250-1.webp Gout.IMG 0364 A clinical photograph of gout presenting in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe, with redness of the skin overlying the joint. Intermedichbo - Dr Milorad Dimić, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/low-back-pain-disc-herniation-and-spinal-stenosis 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/low-back-pain-disc-herniation-and-spinal-stenosis-f-b2-245-1.webp Hernie discale L4 L5 A lumbar spine MRI, including T1 and T2 Dixon sagittal slices, reported as revealing a herniated left paramedian disc at L4-L5 with apparent emergence of the dural sheath of the left L5 root. Miguel Tremblay, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/osteoarthritis 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/osteoarthritis-f-b2-249-1.webp F66-rizoartrosis-AL An AP radiograph of the right thumb of a 66-year-old woman showing trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis with joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis, and osteophytes. Silvi.Ciardullo, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/polymyositis-dermatomyositis-and-sjogren-syndrome 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/polymyositis-dermatomyositis-and-sjogren-syndrome-f-b2-253-2.webp Dermatomyositis9 A clinical photograph of dermatomyositis showing confluent macular erythema confined to the upper eyelid with associated periorbital edema (heliotrope rash on the eyelids). Elizabeth M. Dugan, Adam M. Huber, Frederick W. Miller, Lisa G. Rider, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/polymyositis-dermatomyositis-and-sjogren-syndrome-f-b2-253-3.webp Dermatomyositis7 A clinical photograph shows Gottron's papules with secondary atrophy and telangiectasia in a girl with severe juvenile dermatomyositis, seen in association with prominent periungual erythema. Elizabeth M. Dugan, Adam M. Huber, Frederick W. Miller, Lisa G. Rider, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/primary-bone-tumours-in-adults 2026-10-31 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/primary-bone-tumours-in-adults-f-b2-247-1.webp Osteosarcoma of the tibia An X-ray of an osteosarcoma listed under the Commons category 'X-rays of osteosarcoma'; the file's own description only states 'Osteosarkom pistaly' (Slovak) without siting the lesion or mentioning a sunburst periosteal reaction. Yousef Samir, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/primary-bone-tumours-in-adults-f-b2-247-2.webp Lytic tumour proximal femur - 001 A radiograph of a lytic tumour in the proximal left femur with a calcified rim, suggestive of a liposclerosing myxofibrous tumour. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/primary-bone-tumours-in-adults-f-b2-247-3.webp Riesenzelltumor RÖ ap Anteroposterior radiograph described on Commons only as 'Riesenzelltumor' (giant cell tumor), with no stated affected bone or soap-bubble appearance in the description. Martin Schwarz, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/rheumatoid-arthritis 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/rheumatoid-arthritis-f-b2-251-1.webp Severely deformed hands from Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical photograph titled 'Severely deformed hands from Rheumatoid Arthritis', showing both hands of a person with rheumatoid arthritis. డా. గన్నవరపు నరసింహమూర్తి, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/rheumatoid-arthritis-f-b2-251-2.webp ARerosiones A radiograph described as showing typical erosions of rheumatoid arthritis. Lariob, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/spondyloarthritis-and-ankylosing-spondylitis 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/spondyloarthritis-and-ankylosing-spondylitis-f-b2-252-1.webp Bamboo spine ankylosing spondylitis An X-ray showing bamboo spine in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Stevenfruitsmaak, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/musculoskeletal/systemic-lupus-erythematosus 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/musculoskeletal/systemic-lupus-erythematosus-f-b2-255-1.webp Lupusfoto A clinical photograph of a child with butterfly (malar) erythema in systemic lupus erythematosus. Doktorinternet, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/aphasias-and-cortical-syndromes 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/aphasias-and-cortical-syndromes-f-b2-293-1.webp 1605 Brocas and Wernickes Areas-02 A diagram of the human brain circling Broca's and Wernicke's areas and showing the connections between them, from an OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology illustration hosted on Wikimedia Commons. OpenStax College, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/cataracts-and-macular-degeneration 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/cataracts-and-macular-degeneration-f-b2-298-1.webp Macular Soft Drusen Fundus image of macular soft drusen in the right eye of a 70 year old male. Ipoliker, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/huntington-disease-and-restless-legs-syndrome 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/huntington-disease-and-restless-legs-syndrome-f-b2-286-1.webp Huntington Coronal MRI (FSPGR) through the brain at the level of the caudate nuclei demonstrating marked reduced volume in a patient with known Huntington disease. Frank Gaillard, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/intracerebral-haemorrhage 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/intracerebral-haemorrhage-f-b2-269-1.webp CT Scan BGH A CT scan illustrating a basal ganglia haemorrhage (BGH) on the left side of the brain, cropped from open-access source figure 2A in PMC2936928, whose caption describes a basal ganglia haemorrhage with perifocal oedema. Mats B Dahlqvist, Robert H Andres, Andreas Raabe, Stephan M Jakob, Jukka Takala, Martin W Dünser, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/ischaemic-stroke-and-tia 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/ischaemic-stroke-and-tia-f-b2-266-1.webp INFARCT A CT scan of the brain showing a right middle cerebral artery infarct. Lucien Monfils, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/ischaemic-stroke-and-tia-f-b2-266-2.webp DWE MRI of cerebral infarction Axial brain MRI with DWI on the left showing a hyperintense (bright) region in the right middle lobe area and a corresponding hypointense region on the right ADC (or similar) view, indicating infarcted tissue. edit Shazia Mirza and Sankalp Gokhale See also source article for additional image creators., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/ischaemic-stroke-and-tia-f-b2-266-3.webp MRI perfusion in cerebral ischemia - (A) Improved collateral supply (B) Post-reperfusion hyperperfusion (C) Persistent hypoperfusion A composite open-access figure whose panel A is an MR angiography and Tmax map in a patient with a left middle cerebral artery occlusion at 5 and 24 hours. Bruce C. V. Campbell, Geoffrey A. Donnan and Stephen M. Davis.Uploaded by Mikael Häggström, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/ischaemic-stroke-and-tia-f-b2-267-2.webp Langstreckiger Verschluss der Carotis interna rechts 84W - MR T2 und MRA MIP - 001 A long-segment (langstreckiger) occlusion of the right internal carotid artery extending intracranially, with absent flow void on the T2-weighted sequence and a corresponding MRA MIP. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/neurocutaneous-disorders 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/neurocutaneous-disorders-f-b2-291-1.webp Early neurofibromatosis A clinical photograph of a patient with multiple small cutaneous neurofibromas and a cafe-au-lait spot, one of which has been biopsied. Haymanj, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/neurocutaneous-disorders-f-b2-291-2.webp Whitemacules Clinical photograph of hypomelanotic macules in tuberous sclerosis: dull-white, lance-oval, ash-leaf-shaped patches on the skin. Herbert L. Fred, MD, Hendrik A. van Dijk, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/neurocutaneous-disorders-f-b2-291-3.webp Facial angiofibromas of tuberous sclerosis Figure titled 'Facial angiofibromas of tuberous sclerosis' from an open-access Cureus case report by Mustaqim et al. (2023). Mustaqim K, Mohd Ghazi A, Harun Nor Rashid S, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/primary-brain-tumours-and-metastases 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/primary-brain-tumours-and-metastases-f-b2-289-2.webp Glioblastoma macro A macroscopic pathology photograph of a glioblastoma multiforme. Sbrandner, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/primary-brain-tumours-and-metastases-f-b2-289-3.webp Tumor Meningioma1 Axial T1-weighted MRI of a meningioma acquired after contrast administration. Tdvorak, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/primary-brain-tumours-and-metastases-f-b2-289-4.webp Acoustic schwannoma An axial MRI of the brain after gadolinium administration demonstrating a left cerebellopontine angle acoustic neuroma in a 51-year-old woman with progressive hearing loss. see above, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/primary-brain-tumours-and-metastases-f-b2-290-2.webp Axial FLAIR MRI tectal plate piloctyic astrocytoma A single axial CSF-suppressed FLAIR MRI showing a circumscribed hyperintense mass in the tectum of the brainstem presumed to be a pilocytic astrocytoma. Jto410, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/primary-brain-tumours-and-metastases-f-b2-290-3.webp Medulloblastom - MRT - T2 axial - 015 An axial T2-weighted MRI slice from an openly licensed medulloblastoma MRI case, whose file page describes it only as 'Medulloblastoma in the MRI'. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/primary-brain-tumours-and-metastases-f-b2-290-4.webp Craniopharyngioma1 Unenhanced CT of a craniopharyngioma showing a calcified cystic structure in the suprasellar region, together with hydrocephalus. see above, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/retinal-vascular-occlusion 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/retinal-vascular-occlusion-f-b2-298-3.webp Cherry red spot in patient with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) Fundus photograph of a patient with central retinal artery occlusion showing a cherry red spot and retinal swelling. Dr. Gopal Bisht, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/retinal-vascular-occlusion-f-b2-298-4.webp Fondo de ojo Ostrucción Vena central A two-panel figure whose left panel is a color fundus photograph of the posterior pole in central retinal vein occlusion showing intraretinal haemorrhages, paired with a fluorescein angiogram showing blockage of choroidal fluorescence by those haemorrhages. Werner JU, Böhm F, Lang GE, Dreyhaupt J, Lang GK, Enders C, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/subarachnoid-haemorrhage 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/subarachnoid-haemorrhage-f-b2-268-1.webp SAB basal bei Aneurysma A CT image described as showing subarachnoid haemorrhage with hyperdense blood in the basal cisterns. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/subarachnoid-haemorrhage-f-b2-268-2.webp Aneurysem An angiogram of an aneurysm in a cerebral artery. Lucien Monfils, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/subarachnoid-haemorrhage-f-b2-268-3.webp Aneurysma A cerebri media A left middle cerebral artery aneurysm shown in 3D volume rendering computed tomography of the brain. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/subarachnoid-haemorrhage-f-b2-268-4.webp TOF MRI angiography of right middle cerebral artery stenosis TOF MRI angiography demonstrating stenosis of the right middle cerebral artery. edit Shazia Mirza and Sankalp Gokhale See also source article for additional image creators., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/subdural-epidural-haematoma-and-cavernous-sinus-thrombosis 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/subdural-epidural-haematoma-and-cavernous-sinus-thrombosis-f-b2-270-2.webp Trauma subdural A CT scan described by its uploader as an example of subdural haemorrhage caused by trauma. Glitzy queen00 at English Wikipedia, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-medical https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/subdural-epidural-haematoma-and-cavernous-sinus-thrombosis-f-b2-270-3.webp Grosses epidurales Haematom nach Sturz 87W - CT - 001 Large epidural haematoma after a fall: a somewhat inhomogeneous, largely markedly hyperdense haematoma with a convex border to the brain parenchyma, with pronounced mass effect and initial subfalcine herniation; no skull fracture in this case. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/neurology/visual-field-defects-and-glaucoma 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/visual-field-defects-and-glaucoma-f-b2-296-3.webp Fundus photograph of a healthy right eye (OD) from a myopic Asian male patient. Age 23 Fundus photograph of a healthy right eye from a myopic 23-year-old Asian male patient in which the optic disc contains a small cup whose margins are indistinct. OptometrusPrime, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/visual-field-defects-and-glaucoma-f-b2-296-4.webp Glaukompapille2 Fundus photograph described as the optic nerve in advanced glaucoma disease. Snoop at German Wikipedia (Original text: Snoop), via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/visual-field-defects-and-glaucoma-f-b2-296-7.webp Acute angle closure glaucoma Acute angle-closure glaucoma of the right eye (intraocular pressure 42) with a mid-sized pupil that is non-reactive to light and conjunctival redness. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/neurology/visual-field-defects-and-glaucoma-f-b2-296-2.webp Hemianopsia en Visual field defects in visual pathway lesions, shown as paired left/right visual-field circles for lesions at successive points along the visual pathway. As eo, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/obstetrics/antepartum-haemorrhage 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/obstetrics/antepartum-haemorrhage-f-b2-324-1.webp Placental previa A watercolor drawing showing marginal and complete placenta previa. Bonnie Urquhart Gruenberg, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/obstetrics/ectopic-pregnancy 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/obstetrics/ectopic-pregnancy-f-b2-324-9.webp Anembryonic gestation Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a gestational sac about 28 mm in diameter (approximately 7 weeks 5 days) that contains a yolk sac but no embryo. Mikael Häggström. When using this image in external works, it may be cited as: Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 2002-4436. Public Domain. or By Mikael Häggström, used with permission., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/obstetrics/ectopic-pregnancy-f-b2-324-10.webp Blob sign of ectopic pregnancy Transvaginal ultrasonography of an ectopic pregnancy showing the blob sign, a spherical adnexal mass (the ectopic pregnancy) adjacent to the right ovary, with an intrauterine contraceptive device visible in the uterine cavity and no gestational sac in the uterus. Mikael Häggström. When using this image in external works, it may be cited as: Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 2002-4436. Public Domain. or By Mikael Häggström, used with permission., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/obstetrics/fetal-malpresentation 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/obstetrics/fetal-malpresentation-f-b2-333-1.webp Haultain and Ferguson - foetal positions A public-domain engraving titled "Breech and face positions of the foetus before birth" from a 1902 obstetric nursing handbook. Name of engraver not given., via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/obstetrics/gestational-trophoblastic-disease 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/obstetrics/gestational-trophoblastic-disease-f-b2-328-2.webp Molar pregnancy Transvaginal ultrasonography of a molar pregnancy with multiple small fluid-filled vesicles producing a bunch-of-grapes / snowstorm pattern. Mikael Häggström. When using this image in external works, it may be cited as: Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 2002-4436. Public Domain. or By Mikael Häggström, used with permission., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/obstetrics/rhesus-alloimmunisation 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/obstetrics/rhesus-alloimmunisation-f-b2-327-1.webp OSC Microbio 19 01 HDN OpenStax Microbiology figure 19.6 of haemolytic disease of the newborn: panel (a) shows an Rh-negative pregnant person exposed to Rh-positive fetal red cells, with anti-Rh IgG crossing the placenta in a later pregnancy and destroying fetal Rh-positive red cells, and panel (b) shows Rho(D) immune glo CNX OpenStax, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/obstetrics/shoulder-dystocia 2026-11-01 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/obstetrics/shoulder-dystocia-f-b2-329-1.webp McRoberts maneuver An illustration titled "McRoberts maneuver", described on Wikimedia Commons as an obstetrical maneuver used to assist in childbirth. geraldbaeck, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/acyanotic-congenital-heart-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/acyanotic-congenital-heart-disease-f-b2-390-2.webp Atrial septal defect Atrial septal defect: blood shunts left to right across the atrial septum. Manco Capac, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/acyanotic-congenital-heart-disease-f-b2-390-3.webp Ventricular septal defect Ventricular septal defect compared with a normal heart: a hole in the septum between the ventricles. Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/acyanotic-congenital-heart-disease-f-b2-391-1.webp Coarctation of the aorta Coarctation of the aorta: a narrowing of the descending aorta, shown against the normal wall (dashed line). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/acyanotic-congenital-heart-disease-f-b2-393-1.webp Patent ductus arteriosus Patent ductus arteriosus: a persistent channel between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Original uploader was BrownCow., via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/acyanotic-congenital-heart-disease-f-b2-392-1.webp Chest radiograph in coarctation of the aorta: figure 3 sign and rib notching Chest radiograph in coarctation of the aorta: indented aortic contour (white arrow, figure 3 sign) and rib notching from intercostal collaterals (yellow arrows). Gutiérrez Rangel VY, Morelos Guzmán M, Areán Martínez CA, Sandoval Martínez V, Fraga Ramos MS. Cureus, via PubMed Central, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/acyanotic-congenital-heart-disease-f-b2-389-1.webp Contrast CT of a patent ductus arteriosus Contrast CT of a patent ductus arteriosus (arrows) joining the pulmonary trunk and the descending aorta; asterisks mark calcification. AA ascending aorta, TP pulmonary trunk, AD descending aorta. Adult patient. Mueller S, Plank F, Klimes K, Feuchtner G, Mair J. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, via PubMed Central, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/child-abuse-and-neglect 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/child-abuse-and-neglect-f-b2-425-2.webp Mongolianspotphoto A Mongolian spot on the lower back of a six-month-old baby girl. abby lu, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/childhood-bone-tumours 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/childhood-bone-tumours-f-b2-419-2.webp Osteosarcoma1 Radiograph of osteosarcoma of the distal femur. Scott Dulebohn, MD, S Bhimji MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/childhood-bone-tumours-f-b2-419-3.webp Ewing sarcoma tibia child Lateral radiograph of Ewing sarcoma of the tibia in a child (white arrow). Michael Richardson, M.D. on Oct 25th, 2004; Upload by Christaras A, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/congenital-malformations 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/congenital-malformations-f-b2-385-2.webp Newborn with an omphalocele Omphalocele in a newborn: a membrane-covered sac of abdominal contents at the umbilicus. Sydney S. Gellis and Murray Feingold, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/congenital-malformations-f-b2-385-3.webp Double bubble sign in duodenal atresia Duodenal atresia: the double bubble sign on a newborn abdominal radiograph. JasonRobertYoungMD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/croup-epiglottitis-and-tracheitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/croup-epiglottitis-and-tracheitis-f-b2-407-1.webp Croup steeple sign Anteroposterior neck radiograph of a child with croup showing the steeple sign, narrowing of the upper trachea. Frank Gaillard, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/croup-epiglottitis-and-tracheitis-f-b2-409-1.webp Epiglottitis Lateral soft-tissue neck radiograph of acute epiglottitis showing the thumb sign of a swollen epiglottis. Med Chaos, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/cyanotic-congenital-heart-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/cyanotic-congenital-heart-disease-f-b2-394-1.webp Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot compared with a normal heart, with its four components labelled. Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/hirschsprung-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/hirschsprung-disease-f-b2-397-1.webp Hirschsprung Plain abdominal radiographs and contrast enema images in Hirschsprung disease; arrows mark the transition zone between the dilated proximal bowel and the narrow distal segment. Pratap et al. BMC Pediatrics 2007 7:5 doi:10.1186/1471-2431-7-5, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/intussusception 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/intussusception-f-b2-396-1.webp Intussusception on ultrasound Ultrasound with the target sign of intussusception in a 3-year-old boy. Frank Gaillard, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/intussusception-f-b2-396-2.webp Intussusception EN Diagram of bowel intussusception with one segment of intestine telescoped into the next. Olek Remesz (wiki-pl: Orem, commons: Orem), via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/kawasaki-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/kawasaki-disease-f-b2-404-1.webp Kawasaki symptoms B Strawberry tongue and bright red, swollen, cracked lips in a child with Kawasaki disease. Kawasaki_symptoms.jpg: Dong Soo Kim derivative work: Natr (talk), via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/lead-poisoning 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/lead-poisoning-f-b2-428-1.webp Lead poisoning - blood film Peripheral blood film in lead poisoning showing basophilic stippling of red cells. Herbert L. Fred, MD and Hendrik A. van Dijk, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/legg-calve-perthes-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/legg-calve-perthes-disease-f-b2-423-1.webp LCPdisease2015 Radiograph of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease of the right hip. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/legg-calve-perthes-disease-f-b2-423-2.webp Roe-perthes Hip radiograph of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J. Lengerke, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/necrotising-enterocolitis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/necrotising-enterocolitis-f-b2-399-1.webp Necrotising enterocolitis Abdominal radiograph of necrotising enterocolitis in a neonate. Adityagupta95, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome-f-b2-387-2.webp Chest radiograph in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory distress syndrome: diffuse ground-glass (granular) lung opacification on a newborn chest radiograph. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome-f-b2-387-4.webp Chest radiograph in meconium aspiration Meconium aspiration syndrome: patchy coarse infiltrates and hyperinflation on a newborn chest radiograph. Kinderradiologie Olgahospital Klinikum Stuttgart, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome-f-b2-387-3.webp Chest radiograph in transient tachypnea of the newborn Transient tachypnoea of the newborn: streaky perihilar infiltrates (asterisks), fluid in the horizontal fissure (arrowhead) and mild hyperinflation. Chavan S, Malwade SD, Kumari S, Garud BP, Agarkhedkar S, Cureus 2022 (PMC9079322), CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/neuroblastoma 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/neuroblastoma-f-b2-417-1.webp Neuroblastoma Muffin Stage 4S neuroblastoma in an infant with multiple bluish cutaneous metastases (blueberry muffin appearance). The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/paediatric-orthopaedic-injuries 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/paediatric-orthopaedic-injuries-f-b2-420-2.webp Supracondylar09 Elbow radiograph of a supracondylar fracture of the humerus in a young child. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/pyloric-stenosis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/pyloric-stenosis-f-b2-395-2.webp PyloricStenosisUS Abdominal ultrasound of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a 6-week-old, showing a thickened pyloric muscle. Dr Laughlin Dawes, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/pyloric-stenosis-f-b2-395-1.webp Pyloric stenosis Diagram of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a thickened pylorus narrowing the outlet of the stomach. Hariadhi, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/slipped-capital-femoral-epiphysis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/slipped-capital-femoral-epiphysis-f-b2-424-1.webp Slipped capital femoral epiphysis Radiograph of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Dr. Jochen Lengerke, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/vesicoureteral-reflux 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/vesicoureteral-reflux-f-b2-399-2.webp Vesicoureteral-reflux-004 Voiding cystourethrogram showing bilateral grade III vesicoureteral reflux up the ureters. RadsWiki, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pediatrics/viral-exanthems-of-childhood 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/viral-exanthems-of-childhood-f-b2-413-2.webp Fifth disease cropped A 16-month-old child with the slapped-cheek rash of fifth disease (erythema infectiosum, parvovirus B19). Fifth_disease.jpg: Andrew Kerr derivative work: Berita, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/viral-exanthems-of-childhood-f-b2-413-3.webp Measles rash PHIL 4497 lores A child with the characteristic red blotchy maculopapular rash of measles. http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20030825/1/PHIL_4497_lores.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/viral-exanthems-of-childhood-f-b2-413-4.webp Rash of rubella on skin of child's back Rash of rubella on the skin of a child's back, similar in distribution to measles but less intense. http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/03052002/00002/PHIL_712_lores.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pediatrics/viral-exanthems-of-childhood-f-b2-413-5.webp Varicella A CDC/PHIL photograph described on Wikimedia Commons as varicella simplex (chickenpox) on a child, sourced from phil.cdc.gov. phil.cdc.gov, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://www.cdc.gov/other/agencymaterials.html https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pulmonology/ards 2026-10-27 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/ards-f-b2-474-1.webp Chest Xray 40 yr old male acute respiratory distress syndrome as a complication of murine typhus. 13-1421-F1 Chest X-ray of a 40-year-old man with ARDS (murine typhus): diffuse bilateral airspace opacities Thomas W. van der Vaart, Pieter P.A.M. van Thiel, Nicole P. Juffermans, Michèle van Vugt, Suzanne E. Geerlings, Martin P. Grobusch, and Abraham Goorhuis, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pulmonology/bronchiectasis 2026-10-27 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/bronchiectasis-f-b2-466-1.webp Article river a52123f05cfb11e9afb233c9de065d31-fig-3 CT image labeled with arrows showing 'signet ring' and 'string of pearls' appearances indicative of central bronchiectasis, with mucoid impaction and dilated bronchi also seen. Avani R. Patel, Amar R. Patel, Shivank Singh, Shantanu Singh, Imran Khawaja, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pulmonology/copd 2026-10-27 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/copd-f-b2-467-2.webp Barrowchest A lateral chest X-ray of a person with emphysema, showing a barrel chest and a flat diaphragm. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/copd-f-b2-467-1.webp Emphysema2008 A chest X-ray of a patient with severe emphysema. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pulmonology/interstitial-lung-disease 2026-10-27 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/interstitial-lung-disease-f-b2-469-1.webp CT scan in usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) A CT scan of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) showing interstitial thickening, architectural distortion, honeycombing and bronchiectasis. Yale Rosen from USA, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/interstitial-lung-disease-f-b2-469-2.webp Usual interstitial pneumonia (1) A histopathological image of pulmonary fibrosis representing usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), autopsy specimen, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. No machine-readable author provided. KGH assumed (based on copyright claims)., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pulmonology/lung-cancer 2026-10-27 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/lung-cancer-f-b2-479-3.webp Thorax pa peripheres Bronchialcarcinom li OF markiert A conventional posteroanterior (PA) chest X-ray showing a rounded density in the left lung identified as a peripheral bronchial carcinoma, with a marker around the lesion. Lange123 at German Wikipedia, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/lung-cancer-f-b2-480-3.webp Histopathology of lung adenocarcinoma with acinar pattern Histopathology of lung adenocarcinoma with acinar pattern, H&E stain. Chen CL, Chen CC, Yu WH, Chen SH, Chang YC, Hsu TI, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/lung-cancer-f-b2-480-5.webp Histopathology of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung Histopathology of poorly differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung from a lung biopsy, with H&E stain and a negative GATA-3 stain used to exclude metastasis from skin. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/lung-cancer-f-b2-480-4.webp Mediastinalshift bei BC A chest X-ray described as showing mediastinal shift to the right from subtotal atelectasis of the right lung due to a bronchial carcinoma, with a Pfeil/arrow. Hellerhoff, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/lung-cancer-f-b2-480-2.webp Lung small cell carcinoma (1) by core needle biopsy Small cell carcinoma of the lung, CT-guided core biopsy, H&E No machine-readable author provided. KGH assumed (based on copyright claims)., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/lung-cancer-f-b2-481-2.webp Superior.vena.cava.syndrome.aak Superior vena cava syndrome with dilated superficial veins EMAHkempny, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/lung-cancer-f-b2-479-4.svg Where a lung mass shows on a lateral chest view An illustration, not a radiograph. A: a mass in the space behind the sternum. B: a hilar mass beside the large airways. C: a mass behind the heart over the lower spine, easy to miss on the frontal view alone. The lateral view adds depth to the frontal film. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pulmonology/pneumoconioses 2026-10-27 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pneumoconioses-f-b2-472-3.webp Ferruginous body High-magnification micrograph of ferruginous bodies, also asbestos bodies, in asbestosis; the specimen is lung biopsy, H&E stain, and the bodies are described as rust-coloured (red/brown) baton-shaped segmented rods, with anthracotic pigment also visible. Nephron, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pneumoconioses-f-b2-472-4.webp Asbestosis and cryptococcosis - Pleural plaques - CT scan Case 194 (5999300496) A chest CT scan showing multiple calcified pleural plaques in a patient with significant asbestos exposure. Yale Rosen from USA, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pneumoconioses-f-b2-472-2.webp Asbestosis - Fibrous pleural plaque (7468458430) Gross photograph of a fibrous pleural plaque with a verrucous surface on the diaphragmatic pleura. Yale Rosen from USA, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pulmonology/pneumothorax 2026-10-27 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pneumothorax-f-b2-484-1.webp Hydro pneumothorax CT chest showing a large unilocular hydro-pneumothorax with associated collapse of the right lung and iatrogenic air from a previous chest drain (arrows A air, B fluid). Drriad, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pneumothorax-f-b2-484-2.webp Expiration-left-side-pneumo Chest x-ray of a left-sided spontaneous pneumothorax with an arrow indicating the edge of the collapsed lung. Mynameisderek, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-self https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism 2026-10-27 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism-f-b2-476-3.webp Pulmonary embolism Chest spiral CT (with and without contrast agent) showing multiple filling defects of principal branches due to acute and chronic pulmonary embolism. Walter Serra, Giuseppe De Iaco, Claudio Reverberi and Tiziano Gherli, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/pulmonology/pulmonary-function-tests 2026-10-27 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pulmonary-function-tests-f-b2-463-2.webp Volúmenes pulmonares estáticos A Spanish-labelled diagram of human static lung volumes and capacities whose description lists CI, CPT, CRF and CV among the volumes and capacities. Raimundo Pastor, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pulmonary-function-tests-f-b2-463-1.webp Lungvolumes A schematic graph of a typical spirometer output for a normal person taking four tidal breaths followed by maximal inspiration and expiration, with corresponding volumes and capacities noted in the right-hand boxes. LungVolume.jpg: The original uploader was Vihsadas at English Wikipedia. derivative work: rscottweekly, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pulmonary-function-tests-f-b2-464-3.webp Flow-volume-loop A vector flow-volume loop diagram with axes in litres per second and litres, labelled with FVC, PEF/MEF, FEF25/50/75 and FIF25/50/75. SPhotographer, Jmarchn, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pulmonary-function-tests-f-b2-464-2.webp COPD Flow-volume curve in COPD: scooped expiratory limb well below the predicted triangle. Evgenios Metaxas MD MSc, Pulmonologist Ευγένιος Μεταξάς MD MSc, Πνευμονολόγος, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/pulmonology/pulmonary-function-tests-f-b2-464-4.svg Flow-volume loop in restrictive lung disease An illustration, not a recording. The restrictive loop (solid) is smaller than the normal loop (dashed) and sits to the right, because total lung capacity is reduced. Peak flow is lower only because the volume is small, and the expiratory limb is straight or steep rather than scooped. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/acute-kidney-injury 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/acute-kidney-injury-f-b2-498-2.webp Hyaline Cast in Urine Microscopy Hyaline casts described as a type of urinary cast that can be observed during urine microscopy, forming cylindrical structures in the renal tubules. Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/acute-kidney-injury-f-b2-498-4.webp WBC cast in urine White blood cell (WBC) casts in urine are shown as abnormal microscopic findings, with the description stating they form when white blood cells clump together and become embedded in a protein matrix within the renal tubules. Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/acute-kidney-injury-f-b2-498-5.webp RTE cast, muddy granular cast, WBC cast and RBC cast in urine Composite urine microscopy image of casts in acute kidney injury, including a muddy brown granular cast. Mohsenin V., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-f-b2-513-1.webp Prostate zones SVG diagram of a prostate with labelled seminal vesicle, ampulla of vas deferens, prostatic and penile urethrae, and central, peripheral, transitional and fibromuscular zones, with anterior/posterior and right/left orientation. Mikael Häggström, M.D., via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/bladder-cancer 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/bladder-cancer-f-b2-514-1.webp Blue light and white light cystoscopy images Bladder lesions seen at cystoscopy under standard white light (left column) and under blue light (right column), where tumour areas stand out in pink against the blue background. Jecontributes, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/bladder-cancer-f-b2-514-2.webp Papillary urothelial carcinoma (low-grade), low mag Low-power histology of a papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, with fronds of tumour above the bladder wall. CoRus13, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/diuretics 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/diuretics-f-b2-500-1.webp Renal Diuretics Wikimedia Commons image whose English summary states that it shows where each type of diuretic acts and what it does, in the renal physiology/nephron context. Haisook at English Wikipedia, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/hyperkalaemia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/hyperkalaemia-f-b2-492-1.webp 118 (CardioNetworks ECGpedia) ECG of a 58-year-old haemodialysis patient with severe hyperkalaemia (serum potassium 9.6 mmol/L), whose file page lists the classic hyperkalaemic changes: small or absent P waves, wide QRS, shortened or absent ST segment, and wide, tall, tented T waves. Michael Rosengarten BEng, MD.McGill, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/hyperkalaemia-f-b2-492-2.svg Potassium shifts between cells and the extracellular fluid An illustration. Cells hold most of the body's potassium, so a shift between the two compartments can change the serum level without any change in total body potassium. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/hypokalaemia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/hypokalaemia-f-b2-493-1.webp LowKECG 12-lead ECG from a patient with hypokalaemia (Wikimedia Commons file LowKECG): flattened T waves, ST depression and prominent U waves. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/hyponatraemia 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/hyponatraemia-f-b2-491-1.webp CPM3 A single MRI FLAIR image whose own file description reads 'Central pontine myelinolysis, MRI FLAIR'. Dr Frank Gaillard, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/nephritic-syndrome 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephritic-syndrome-f-b2-498-3.webp Red blood cell cast in urine sediment A urine sediment microscopy image captioned "Red blood cell cast in urine sediment" (800 x 801 px) from a StatPearls urinalysis article. Rian Kabir, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephritic-syndrome-f-b2-500-3.webp Immunofluorescence staining for IgG along glomerular capillary loops Immunofluorescence image of a renal glomerulus showing bright green linear-to-granular staining along the glomerular basement membranes, described as consistent with immune complex or antibody deposition. Adel.stoyanova, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephritic-syndrome-f-b2-500-2.webp Post-infectious glomerulonephritis - high mag A PAS-stained kidney biopsy in post-infectious glomerulonephritis: the glomeruli are swollen and crowded with cells. Immunofluorescence in this disease shows granular (lumpy-bumpy) IgG and C3. Nephron, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/nephrolithiasis 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrolithiasis-f-b2-505-1.webp Non-contrast CT of multiple bilateral renal calculi Non-contrast CT of the abdomen/pelvis demonstrating multiple bilateral renal calculi, presented as an axial view on the left and a coronal reformat on the right (the corresponding Wikipedia figure caption marks the calculi with arrows). Kristie Guite, Louis Hinshaw and Fred Lee, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrolithiasis-f-b2-506-2.webp OxalicAcidDihidrate Urine crystals of oxalic acid in dihydrate form whose description identifies the characteristic mail-envelope appearance with two bright lines crossing in the center, distinguished from struvite crystals. J3D3, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrolithiasis-f-b2-506-4.webp Uric acid crystals (urine) - Ürik asit kristalleri (idrar) - 01 Abundant uric acid crystals in a human urine sample with a pH of 5, as detected by an automated urinalysis system, with some amorphous urate crystal clumps. Doruk Salancı, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrolithiasis-f-b2-506-3.webp Кристаллы трипельфосфата в форме гробовых крышек и призм на фоне аморфных фосфатов. Осадок мочи. Нативный препарат. x400 Urine microscopy showing struvite (triple phosphate) crystals with their coffin-lid shape among amorphous debris. Vladimir064, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrolithiasis-f-b2-506-5.webp Cystine Crystals in Canine Urine Sediment Microscopic image of cystine crystals in the urine sediment of a male dog at 1000x magnification with a 5 um scale bar, focus-stacked from 12 exposures. Lance Wheeler, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/nephrotic-syndrome 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrotic-syndrome-f-b2-504-2.webp Membranous Nephropathy Pathology Diagram Schematic of a glomerular capillary wall in membranous nephropathy: immune deposits beneath the podocytes, with spikes of basement membrane growing around them as the disease becomes more severe. Renal_corpuscle.svg: M•Komorniczak -talk- (polish Wikipedist) derivative work: Huckfinne (talk), via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrotic-syndrome-f-b2-504-4.webp Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - high mag Light micrograph of a glomerulus in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, high magnification. Nephron, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrotic-syndrome-f-b2-504-5.webp Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (4) PAS PAS-stained glomerulus with diabetic nodular glomerulosclerosis. No machine-readable author provided. KGH assumed (based on copyright claims)., via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrotic-syndrome-f-b2-504-6.webp Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis - very high mag Very high magnification light micrograph of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Nephron, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrotic-syndrome-f-b2-504-7.webp Membranous nephropathy - cropped - mpas - very high mag Silver-stained (methenamine) glomerulus in membranous nephropathy, very high magnification, showing thickened basement membranes with spikes. Nephron, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/nephrotic-syndrome-f-b2-504-3.svg The glomerulus and the juxtaglomerular apparatus An illustration, not to scale. The glomerulus filters blood through three layers (endothelium, basement membrane and podocytes); the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells next to it sense the filtrate and control renin. Original illustration by MedGrasp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/polycystic-kidney-disease 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/polycystic-kidney-disease-f-b2-508-2.webp Polycystic kidneys, gross pathology CDC PHIL Gross specimen of both kidneys in polycystic kidney disease, enlarged and studded with cysts of varying size. CDC/ Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr., via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-HHS-CDC https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/polycystic-kidney-disease-f-b2-508-1.webp CT scan autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease Coronal contrast CT of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with both kidneys enlarged and replaced by cysts. Steven Fruitsmaak, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/renal-cell-carcinoma 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/renal-cell-carcinoma-f-b2-515-1.webp Corticomedullary phase CT in axial and coronal plane, and parenchymal phase, of renal cell carcinoma Contrast CT of a renal cell carcinoma in the left kidney: axial and coronal corticomedullary phase and axial parenchymal phase (left to right). Kristie Guite, Louis Hinshaw and Fred Lee, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/renal-genitourinary/scrotal-swelling 2026-10-28 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/scrotal-swelling-f-b2-509-1.webp Doppler ultrasound of epididymitis Doppler ultrasonography of a testicle (left in image) and an epididymis (right in image), the latter swollen with increased blood flow, which are typical findings in epididymitis. Alfredo D’Andrea, Francesco Coppolino, Elviro Cesarano, Anna Russo, Salvatore Cappabianca, Eugenio Annibale Genovese, Paolo Fonio and Luca Macarini, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.5. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/scrotal-swelling-f-b2-509-2.webp Scrotal ultrasonography of epididymo-orchitis Scrotal ultrasound from an open-access scrotal ultrasonography chapter showing an enlarged heterogeneous epididymal head and adjacent testis in epididymo-orchitis, with arrows marking the structures. Chee-Wai Mak and Wen-Sheng Tzeng, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/renal-genitourinary/scrotal-swelling-f-b2-510-1.webp Scrotal ultrasonography of testicular torsion Colour Doppler ultrasound of a testis with no detectable blood flow inside the colour box, the finding in testicular torsion. Chee-Wai Mak and Wen-Sheng Tzeng, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/surgery/acute-abdomen-and-intestinal-obstruction 2026-10-31 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/surgery/acute-abdomen-and-intestinal-obstruction-f-b2-530-1.webp Free air2010 Free air under the right hemidiaphragm from a bowel perforated. James Heilman, MD, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/topics/surgery/burns 2026-10-31 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/surgery/burns-f-b2-532-2.webp 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns affecting the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis levels of the skin. BruceBlaus, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/surgery/burns-f-b2-533-1.webp Wallace rule of nines-en A front-facing human body diagram of the Wallace rule of nines, with percentage regions used to estimate burn surface area. Jmarchn, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 https://medgrasp.xyz/media/figures/surgery/burns-f-b2-533-2.webp Wallace Rule of Nines A total burns surface area estimation model approximating the percentage of body surface area burned using multiples of 9, presented as two annotated human figures (anterior on the left, posterior on the right). Rocuronium Bromide, via Wikimedia Commons, CC0. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en