Nervous system and special senses

Botulinum neurotoxin causes descending flaccid paralysis: recognition, emergency management, and public-health steps.

Acute dacryocystitis plus bacterial, herpetic, fungal and Acanthamoeba keratitis: recognition, urgent referral, and treatment.

How to recognise, treat and prevent viral, bacterial, gonococcal, chlamydial and allergic conjunctivitis, and orbital cellulitis.

Acute, chronic and necrotising otitis externa: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and warning signs.

How poliovirus causes paralysis, how acute flaccid paralysis is investigated, the vaccines that prevent polio, and the global eradication programme.

Taenia solium, taeniasis, neurocysticercosis and cystic hydatid disease: how they present, how imaging diagnoses them, and how antiparasitic, surgical and.

How to recognise, investigate, treat and support people with Alzheimer disease and other dementias, with current UK, US and biomarker criteria.

Progressive motor neuron disease: upper and lower motor neuron signs, diagnostic criteria, riluzole, edaravone, respiratory and nutritional care, genetics.

Aphasia types and cortical syndromes (neglect, agnosia, apraxia): artery localisation, causes, assessment, imaging, and rehabilitation in stroke and brain.

Autoimmune encephalitis and primary CNS vasculitis: antibodies, Graus criteria, tumour screening, immunotherapy, ESO guidance, and low-resource care.

Brain death pathway: preconditions, brainstem reflexes, apnoea test, ancillary tests, mimics, family communication, organ donation.

Cataracts and AMD: from classification and risk factors to surgery and anti-VEGF therapy.

How cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis and other uncommon causes lead to stroke, how they present, are diagnosed, and are treated.

Localise nervous system lesions and recognise classic spinal cord syndromes, UMN versus LMN signs, and the evidence-based management of tabes and ALS.

Peripheral cranial nerve palsies and diplopia: third, fourth and sixth palsies, Bell palsy, Ramsay Hunt, optic neuritis, papilloedema.

A fatal prion disease: sporadic, variant, familial and iatrogenic forms; rapidly progressive dementia with myoclonus; MRI, EEG, CSF and RT-QuIC diagnosis.

Retinal disease from diabetes and hypertension: grading, screening, detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, and anti-VEGF and laser treatment.

Assessment, treatment safety and special situations in epilepsy: first seizures, driving, withdrawal, contraception and pregnancy, SUDEP.

Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, bedside tests, sudden deafness as an emergency, age- and noise-related loss, ototoxicity, tinnitus assessment.

Huntington disease: chorea and psychiatric change; restless legs syndrome: an urge to move at rest, treated with iron or gabapentinoids.

Non-traumatic bleeding into the brain parenchyma: causes by site, emergency imaging, blood pressure targets, reversal, surgery and prognosis.

Acute and chronic subdural and epidural haematomas after head injury, and septic or aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis: imaging, surgery, antibiotics and.

How blocked brain arteries cause stroke or TIA, how to recognise, image and treat them fast, and how to prevent recurrence.

How to perform a lumbar puncture, when to image first, and how to read opening pressure and cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage.

A chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS: phenotypes, 2017 McDonald criteria, MRI and CSF findings, and DMT-based care.

Autoimmune weakness at the neuromuscular junction: myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, from antibodies and tests to modern treatment.

Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis complex, Sturge-Weber syndrome and von Hippel-Lindau disease: genetics, features, surveillance and treatment.

How to choose CT, MRI and angiography in neurological disease, with indications, safety, radiation, contrast and typical findings.

A step-by-step neurological examination and how to turn its findings into a lesion localisation, from mental state to gait.

How nerve pain and muscle overactivity are recognised, graded and treated, from first-line drugs to botulinum toxin.

A reversible cause of gait, cognitive and urinary problems in older adults: ventriculomegaly without raised pressure, treated with shunt surgery.

How ocular tumours of the eyelid, conjunctiva, uvea, retina and orbit present, are staged, and are treated.

Parkinson disease and parkinsonism: pathology, motor and non-motor features, differential diagnosis, treatment following NICE, MDS and AAN.

Peripheral nerve injuries and entrapment neuropathies: anatomy, Seddon classes, brachial plexus and limb nerve lesions, diagnosis, and guideline-based.

Axonal and demyelinating neuropathies, common causes, nerve conduction studies, GBS criteria and treatment, and CIDP

Primary and secondary brain tumours: gliomas, meningiomas, medulloblastomas, schwannomas, CNS lymphoma and metastases, with classification, imaging.

Primary headache disorders: migraine, tension-type and cluster headache - classification, ICHD-3 criteria, treatment and complications.

How to sort out a red eye: causes by mechanism, red flags, exam and tests, and first steps for corneal injury, uveitis and conjunctivitis.

Sudden, painless loss of vision in one eye from retinal artery embolism or venous thrombosis, including the CRAO emergency.

Secondary headache disorders: red flags, urgent causes (GCA, IIH, infection, tumour), medication overuse, and the step-by-step approach.

Seizures and epilepsy: what they are, how they are classified and diagnosed, how they are treated, and how to live safely with them.

Spinal cord compression and myelopathy: malignant MSCC, degenerative cervical myelopathy, transverse myelitis, subacute combined degeneration, urgent MRI.

Spinal cord and spinal column tumours: meningioma, schwannoma, ependymoma, astrocytoma, metastatic disease, presentation, MRI, steroids, surgery and.

A neurological emergency: prolonged or repeated seizures without recovery, with timed treatment, causes, complications and prognosis.

A clinical pathway after stroke: multidisciplinary rehabilitation, dysphagia, spasticity and mood, and secondary prevention targets for blood pressure.

Sudden thunderclap headache from a ruptured brain aneurysm: diagnosis by CT and lumbar puncture, urgent securing of the aneurysm, and prevention of vasospasm.

Tremor, dystonia and other movement disorders: essential versus Parkinson tremor, dystonia and botulinum toxin, ataxia, Wilson disease, and drug-induced.

An emergency and a first-contact pair: lancinating trigeminal pain managed with carbamazepine, and cauda equina compression demanding urgent MRI and.

Vascular, frontotemporal and Lewy body dementia compared: patterns, imaging, diagnostic criteria and treatment.

How to sort vertigo, dizziness and syncope into peripheral, central and cardiovascular causes: history, examination, red flags and treatment.

How the visual pathway explains field defects, and how glaucoma is recognised, measured and treated with drops, laser and surgery.

How thiamine deficiency, liver, kidney, sodium and oxygen failure disturb brain function, and how to recognise and treat each.

Stages and components of general anaesthesia, induction and inhalational agents, neuromuscular blockers, airway assessment, rapid sequence induction.

Postoperative pain: assessment, WHO analgesic ladder, multimodal analgesia, opioids and PCA, NSAIDs and paracetamol, regional techniques, opioid conversion.

How local anaesthetics block nerves, safe adult doses, local anaesthetic systemic toxicity and lipid emulsion, spinal versus epidural techniques, common.

Acute pain and procedural sedation in the emergency department: analgesic choices, ketamine, nitrous oxide, monitoring, reversal and discharge criteria.

How to assess a poisoned patient, when to decontaminate, and the antidote or treatment for common overdoses, with algorithms and doses.

A pathway for assessing and managing the unconscious patient: GCS, causes, immediate treatment, herniation, brainstem death criteria and guidance.

Concussion (mild TBI) and skull fractures: mechanism, assessment tools, return to play, PCS, fracture types and CSF leak.

Sight- and life-threatening eye emergencies: recognise, triage and initial management.

Traumatic brain and spinal cord injury in the adult trauma patient: recognition, classification, imaging and evidence-based acute management.

How cold and hot patients are recognised and treated in emergency care, from J waves and rewarming rules to heat stroke cooling and drug-induced hyperthermia.

The first minutes after injury: a step-by-step primary survey to find and treat life-threatening problems in order.

Cholinergic crisis, atropine and oximes, intermediate syndrome, paraquat, and the global burden of pesticide poisoning.

Traumatic spinal cord injury: anatomy, ASIA grading and incomplete syndromes, shock and autonomic dysreflexia, cervical clearance rules, steroids, surgery.

How to resuscitate, assess, recognise toxidromes and manage poisoning: history, ECG, anion gap, osmolar gap, decontamination and enhanced elimination.

Traumatic brain injury: primary and secondary injury, intracranial haemorrhage, diffuse axonal injury, raised ICP, CT criteria and acute management.

Age-based well-child care: counselling, screening, referrals, and what to do when a screening test is abnormal.

How to score the Apgar, resuscitate and examine a newborn, with vitamin K prophylaxis and screening.

Red flags by age, screening tools, and the stepwise evaluation and management of autism, ADHD and global developmental delay in children.

Non-progressive motor disorder from early brain injury: types, classification, comorbidities, assessment and management in childhood.

How to recognise and respond to child abuse and neglect: types, red flags, bruises, burns, fractures, head injury, skeletal survey, mimics and safeguarding.

What childhood epilepsy syndromes are, how age, seizure type and EEG separate them, and how treatment is chosen by syndrome.

Red reflex, strabismus, amblyopia, retinoblastoma and childhood hearing loss: screening from birth and when to refer.

Chromosomal disorders in childhood: common trisomies, sex chromosome and microdeletion syndromes; genetics, presentation, screening, diagnosis and counselling.

Developmental milestones from 2 months to 5 years and growth assessment: red flags, delay versus regression, autism, charts, FTT and short stature.

Febrile seizures in children aged 6 to 60 months: classification, risk of recurrence and epilepsy, evaluation, acute management, prognosis and parental.

Hydrocephalus, spina bifida and other neural tube defects: causes, presentation, diagnosis, shunts, surgery and folic acid prevention.

Infantile hypotonia: the floppy infant. Causes, examination, investigations, and a step-by-step diagnostic approach.

How bacterial meningitis presents in babies and children, how lumbar puncture and CSF findings confirm it, and how to treat and prevent it.

Conjunctivitis in the newborn: timing, tests, treatment and prophylaxis for gonococcal, chlamydial and herpetic infection.

How neonatal seizures present, are diagnosed with EEG, treated, and how therapeutic hypothermia is used for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.

Paediatric brain tumours: posterior fossa and supratentorial tumours, brainstem gliomas, germ cell tumours, raised pressure, treatment and late effects.

Fragile X syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Huntington disease, myotonic dystrophy and other inherited trinucleotide repeat neurodevelopmental disorders