Musculoskeletal, skin and connective tissue

Leprosy (Hansen disease): a chronic infection of skin and nerves, classified from tuberculoid to lepromatous, treated with multidrug therapy.

Scabies and lice: how to recognise them, how to diagnose them, how to treat them with permethrin and ivermectin, and how to control outbreaks in.

Trachoma and other neglected tropical diseases: SAFE strategy, yaws, Buruli ulcer, dracunculiasis, snakebite envenoming and the WHO NTD roadmap.

How proximal weakness, creatine kinase and EMG point to muscle disease in adults, from inflammatory and statin-related myopathy to inherited dystrophies and.

Two dermatology topics: velvety flexural hyperpigmentation linked to insulin resistance, and lichen planus with its six Ps, Wickham striae and oral forms.

How acne develops and how folliculitis and pilonidal disease differ in cause, treatment and prevention.

Actinic keratosis and other premalignant skin and mucosal lesions: Bowen disease, keratoacanthoma, leukoplakia and field cancerisation.

Chronic, relapsing, itchy inflammation of the skin: barrier failure, Th2 inflammation, diagnosis, stepwise treatment, and complications such as eczema.

How BCC, SCC and Merkel cell carcinoma present, are risk-stratified and excised, and when radiotherapy and systemic therapy are used.

Benign skin tumours and naevi: recognition, dermoscopy and excision of common lesions.

Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis: diagnosis, patch testing, and treatment.

Parasitic and zoonotic skin infestations: cutaneous larva migrans, scabies, head and body lice, tungiasis, and their treatment and prevention.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (MF, Sezary syndrome), HHV-8 Kaposi sarcoma in HIV and benign vascular lesions: diagnosis, staging and treatment.

Cutaneous herpes, molluscum and warts: presenting features, diagnosis, management and prevention.

How to recognise common drug rashes and tell erythema multiforme, DRESS, and SJS or TEN from benign eruptions, and how to manage them.

Tender inflammatory skin reactions that flag an underlying infection, sarcoidosis, bowel disease or drug trigger; covers erythema nodosum, pyoderma.

Fungal skin infections summarised and treated: tinea versicolor, dermatophytosis by site, cutaneous candidiasis and sporotrichosis.

Common hair and nail problems seen in clinic, from alopecia areata and androgenetic loss to fungal nails and systemic nail signs, and how to treat them.

HS, epidermal cysts, eyelid lesions, dermatofibroma, ichthyosis vulgaris and ageing skin: recognition, staging and management.

Recognise, treat and prevent impetigo, cellulitis and erysipelas, and act fast on necrotising fasciitis, with antibiotic choices and surgical guidance.

Clinical melanoma primer: ABCDE and ugly duckling, dermoscopy, subtypes, AJCC 8 staging from Breslow thickness, margins and sentinel node, adjuvant.

Pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid: how intraepidermal and subepidermal blistering differ, how to diagnose them, and how to treat following current.

How unrelieved pressure and ischaemia damage skin and soft tissue, how pressure injuries are staged and prevented, and how dry, wet and gas gangrene are.

How plaque psoriasis presents and how plaque, guttate, pustular and erythrodermic forms differ; how PASI scores severity and how guidelines treat it.

Rosacea and pityriasis rosea: definitions, diagnosis, treatment and differentials for two common dermatoses.

A first-time guide to skin examination: describing lesions and distributions, dermoscopy, bedside tests, biopsy choice and differential diagnosis.

Common skin problems in children: nappy rash, cradle cap, haemangiomas, viral rashes, birthmarks, impetigo, head lice and molluscum.

How the skin announces systemic disease: pruritus workup, erythroderma, paraneoplastic signs, organ and connective tissue signs, vasculitis.

How ultraviolet radiation damages skin, how to prevent sunburn and protect vitamin D, and how seborrhoeic keratosis presents and is managed.

Simple steps for choosing emollients and topical corticosteroids, measuring fingertip units, avoiding fire risk and knowing when to refer.

Urticaria and angioedema: classification of hypersensitivity (Gell and Coombs I-IV), acute and chronic urticaria, histaminergic and bradykinin angioedema.

How autoimmune melanocyte loss causes vitiligo, how to diagnose it with Wood's lamp, and guideline-based treatment including ruxolitinib

Antiphospholipid syndrome: diagnostic criteria, thrombosis and pregnancy loss, EULAR 2019 management, plus mixed and undifferentiated connective tissue.

Autoinflammatory fever syndromes: FMF, TRAPS, CAPS, colchicine and IL-1 inhibition, amyloidosis risk; plus adult-onset Still disease.

How cancer spreads to bone, why bone breaks, and how we prevent and fix pathological fractures: Mirels scoring, bone-targeted agents and surgery.

How bursitis and tendinopathy present, how to tell them apart, and how to treat them: rest, exercise, NSAIDs, injections and infection cautions.

Carpal tunnel syndrome and other entrapment neuropathies: risk factors, tests, guideline-based management and differentials.

How common adult orthopaedic injuries present and are managed: dislocations, fractures, sprains and tenosynovitis, with mechanism, imaging and treatment.

A surgical emergency: raised pressure inside a fascial compartment cuts off tissue perfusion; pain on passive stretch is the warning sign.

Fibromyalgia: widespread pain, central sensitisation, the 2016 ACR criteria, sleep and mood problems, and stepwise exercise- and medicine-based care.

Giant cell arteritis threatens vision and is curable if glucocorticoids start today; learn PMR dosing, biopsy, imaging and tocilizumab.

Crystal arthritis from urate and calcium pyrophosphate: diagnosis, flares, urate lowering therapy and pseudogout.

Trigger finger, Dupuytren contracture, ganglion, hallux valgus, plantar fasciitis, stress fractures, exercise prescription and return to play in adults.

Low back pain, disc herniation and spinal stenosis: red flags, radiculopathy, claudication, MRI and step-by-step management.

How to examine a painful joint, separate inflammatory from mechanical pain, and work up mono- and polyarthritis safely from history to aspiration.

JIA in children and adolescents: ILAR subtypes, uveitis screening, macrophage activation syndrome, systemic disease and evidence-based treatment.

How knee ligaments and menisci tear, from mechanism and exam to MRI and from brace or physiotherapy to reconstruction, with tests, cut-offs and guidelines.

How inherited and systemic bone disorders present in adults, from osteogenesis imperfecta to avascular necrosis, with diagnosis and management.

A whole-joint disease of progressive cartilage loss and osteophyte formation: how it presents in the hand, knee and hip, and how to manage it.

A clinician's guide to polymyositis, dermatomyositis and Sjogren syndrome: weakness, rashes, dryness, antibodies, malignancy screening and treatment.

Primary bone tumours in adults: benign and malignant bone tumours, how they present on imaging, how they are staged, and how specialist centres treat them.

Chronic autoimmune synovitis of small joints: pathophysiology, diagnosis, DMARD and biologic treatment, and prognosis.

Malignant tumours of mesenchymal tissue: the common adult subtypes, red-flag lumps, diagnosis before excision, staging, wide excision, radiotherapy and.

Chronic inflammatory spondyloarthritides: classification, HLA-B27 biology, clinical features, BASDAI cut-offs, NSAID strategy, TNF and IL-17 inhibitors per.

Chronic autoimmune multi-organ disease: diagnosis, complications and guideline-based treatment.

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): limited and diffuse forms, autoantibodies, renal crisis, lung disease, vascular and Raynaud features.

Chapel Hill classification, ANCA-associated vasculitis, Behcet disease, polyarteritis nodosa, ANCA testing, and treatment with cyclophosphamide and rituximab.

Burns: depth, surface area, resuscitation, inhalation, chemical and electrical injuries, wound care, referral and rehabilitation.

Core plastic and reconstructive surgery: reconstructive ladder, grafts and flaps, scars, skin-cancer margins, cleft lip and palate, breast reconstruction.

How surgical wounds heal, why they break down, how surgical site infection is classified, and the bundles that prevent it.

Aetiology, wound care, closure and prophylaxis of mammalian bites, stings and envenomation, including tetanus and rabies, with treatment tables.

Freezing and non-freezing cold injuries: recognition and treatment, from frostnip and frostbite rewarming to iloprost, thrombolysis and trench foot.

Assessment and management of hand injuries: tendons, nerves, circulation, fingertip injuries, bites and felon, amputation, replantation, and compartment.

Emergency recognition and management of long-bone shaft fractures and fixation, fat embolism syndrome, common dislocations and neurovascular checks.

Pelvic ring injuries, haemorrhage control, hip fracture types, surgical timing, orthogeriatric care and complications.

Core principles of fracture care: descriptions, healing, complications, reduction, immobilisation, open fractures and compartment syndrome.

Secondary survey and penetrating trauma: AMPLE history, head-to-toe exam, neck zones, penetrating chest, abdomen and extremity injuries, impaled objects and.

How major injury differs in pregnancy, childhood and old age: physiology, assessment and what to adjust.

How to assess and clean a wound, choose closure with sutures, glue or strips, decide on antibiotics, and give tetanus vaccine and immunoglobulin.

Chronic vulval inflammatory disorders: lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, eczema, vulvodynia, Paget disease, diagnosis and steroid treatment.

Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma in children: how they present, how imaging and biopsy tell them apart, and how chemotherapy and surgery cure them.

Childhood injuries: patterns by age, drowning prevention and rescue, burn and scald emergency care, road safety and injury-prevention counselling.

Clubfoot and metatarsus adductus in infants: how to distinguish rigid from flexible deformities, and how Ponseti casting, bracing, surgery and follow-up are.

Children's fractures: growth-plate injury, greenstick and buckle, supracondylar humerus, nursemaid's elbow, toddler tibia, birth clavicle and plastic bowing.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip ranges from mild acetabular dysplasia to hip dislocation in infants; early detection and treatment prevent long-term.

Chronic arthritis beginning before age 16: how JIA is classified, why uveitis is silent, and how it is treated from NSAIDs to biologics.

An idiopathic childhood avascular necrosis of the femoral head: presentation, imaging stages, differential diagnosis and containment-based management.

X-linked dystrophin disorders (Duchenne and Becker) and myotonic dystrophy type 1: genetics, recognition, testing, and multidisciplinary care.

Rickets and common childhood micronutrient deficiencies: causes, presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention worldwide.

A sideways curvature of the spine with rotation: types, how to screen and measure it, and how curve size guides treatment.

Adolescent hip slip: presentation, frog-leg X-ray signs, stable vs unstable, pinning, complications, and a differential of the limping child.

A stress fracture of the pars interarticularis in young athletes can let one vertebra slip forward: causes, grading, imaging and treatment.

The common childhood rash illnesses: how to recognise measles, rubella, roseola, fifth disease, chickenpox, hand-foot-and-mouth disease and scarlet fever.