Reproductive

Breast lumps and benign disease: triple assessment, fibroadenoma, cysts, mastitis, nipple discharge; plus breast cancer types, staging, surgery, screening.

Schedule of antenatal contacts and preconception care for a healthy pregnancy, guided by NICE NG201 and WHO.

Who needs antepartum fetal surveillance and how to do it stepwise: kick counts, non-stress test, biophysical profile, contraction stress test and Doppler.

Painful and painless third-trimester bleeding from placenta praevia, abruption, vasa praevia and uterine rupture, with ultrasound and emergency management.

Caesarean birth and episiotomy: indications, technique, complications, vaginal birth after caesarean and perineal tears using current RCOG, ACOG, NICE and.

How pregnancy is confirmed and dated (urine and serum hCG, ultrasound), and the normal multi-system physiology of pregnancy.

How to judge medicines in pregnancy: the labelling rule, the main teratogens, safer choices for common conditions, alcohol, tobacco, and where to seek advice.

Ectopic pregnancy: risk factors, presentation, hCG and ultrasound diagnosis, and expectant, medical and surgical management with Rh care.

How fetal growth restriction and macrosomia are defined, screened, monitored and managed, with delivery timing and guideline differences.

How breech, transverse, face and brow presentations are classified, found and managed, including external cephalic version and current RCOG, ACOG, NICE and.

From molar pregnancy to choriocarcinoma: what it is, how it presents, hCG staging, chemotherapy and follow-up.

Severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: how it differs from ordinary morning sickness, how it is diagnosed and treated, and how to prevent Wernicke's.

How labour is induced, when operative vaginal birth is used, and how perineal tears are repaired.

Invasive prenatal tests (amniocentesis, CVS): indications, risks, consent, steps, complications, aftercare and the routine antenatal visits and tests around.

Stages of normal labour, the partograph, the three Ps, and how delay or arrested labour is defined, augmented and managed using current guidelines.

How milk is made and moved, how to start and support breastfeeding, when drugs are safe, and how to recognise and treat mastitis and breast abscess.

How maternal deaths and near misses are defined, measured, reviewed and prevented, from global causes and the three delays to MEOWS and severe morbidity audit.

Miscarriage and recurrent pregnancy loss: types, management, septic loss, and recurrent loss work-up with supportive care.

How multiple pregnancy is classified by chorionicity and amnionicity, screened, monitored and delivered across current NICE, RCOG, ACOG, SMFM and WHO.

How a normal term labour and birth unfold, from the cardinal movements to the third stage, monitoring, active management and immediate postnatal care.

Labour analgesia and caesarean anaesthesia: neuraxial, opioid, nitrous oxide and pudendal block techniques, with preparation, complications and aftercare.

Obstetric examination, Leopold maneuvers, fundal height, Bishop score, and fetal heart rate monitoring: CTG interpretation and management.

Too much or too little amniotic fluid in pregnancy: definitions, causes, fetal and maternal risks, diagnosis cut-offs, and management by current guidelines.

Postnatal checks for mother and baby, pelvic floor recovery, lochia, and contraception after birth, including lactational amenorrhoea.

Bleeding of 500 ml or more within 24 hours of birth: causes, recognition, diagnosis and step-by-step management using RCOG, ACOG, NICE and WHO guidance.

Postpartum infection: causes of fever after birth, from endometritis to mastitis and septic pelvic thrombophlebitis, and how to investigate and treat them.

Imaging, radiation and non-obstetric surgery in pregnancy: safe modalities, fetal dose thresholds, anaesthesia, laparoscopy, appendicitis and trauma.

PROM and PPROM: diagnosis, chorioamnionitis, tocolysis, antenatal corticosteroids, magnesium neuroprotection, GBS prophylaxis, management and prognosis.

Step-by-step prenatal screening and diagnostic testing for fetal chromosomal abnormalities, from nuchal translucency and quad screen to cell-free DNA, CVS.

Obstetric emergency in which the fetal head delivers but a shoulder is impacted; recognition, stepwise manoeuvres, complications and prevention.

Stillbirth after 24 weeks: causes, investigation, labour care, bereavement, memory making, and planning the next pregnancy.

Uterine inversion, uterine rupture and Sheehan syndrome: recognition, immediate management and postpartum haemorrhage.

Abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women: the PALM-COEIN causes, focused history and examination, investigations including endometrial sampling.

Pathways in assisted reproduction: ovulation induction, IUI, IVF and ICSI, donor gametes, and oncofertility with oocyte freezing and consent rules.

Benign breast disease: classification, fibrocystic change, fibroadenoma, phyllodes, atypical hyperplasia, cancer risk, and triple assessment.

Breast cancer: how it is staged and how endocrine, HER2-targeted and chemotherapy treatment are chosen by receptor subtype, plus screening and surveillance.

HPV-driven cervical cancer: epidemiology, screening and management, from pathogenesis to staging and treatment.

Cervicitis, endocervical and pelvic infection: causes, diagnosis, outpatient and inpatient treatment, complications, and partner management.

Chronic or recurrent pelvic pain in women and men: causes by system, assessment, and multidisciplinary treatment.

How each contraceptive method works, how well it prevents pregnancy, who can use it safely, and how to choose and monitor it.

Primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea, plus premenstrual syndrome and PMDD: causes, diagnosis and treatment.

Endometrial cancer and hyperplasia: risk factors, postmenopausal bleeding work-up, hyperplasia with and without atypia, FIGO 2023 staging, molecular.

Endometriosis and adenomyosis: pain, infertility, diagnosis, medical and surgical treatment, and adenomyosis-specific care.

FGM types, complications, deinfibulation, safeguarding and reporting, and intimate partner violence recognition and response.

Acute pelvic pain in women: pregnancy test first, red flags, differentials, imaging and the surgical decision, from ectopic pregnancy to torsion.

Taking a gynaecological history and examining the pelvis safely: consent, chaperones, cervical sampling and what colposcopy involves.

Infertility as a couple's condition: causes in both partners, work-up and treatment, plus Bartholin gland cyst and abscess.

Normal female puberty from breast budding to the first periods: Tanner stages, menarche timing, hormones of the menstrual cycle, and what counts as normal.

Menopause, its symptoms and long-term risks, premature ovarian insufficiency, and the evidence-based use of hormone replacement therapy.

Ovarian, tubal and peritoneal cancers, and how to assess an adnexal mass: types, risk factors, symptoms, staging, surgery, chemotherapy and follow-up.

Benign ovarian cysts (functional, dermoid, endometrioma, haemorrhagic), adnexal torsion as an emergency, ultrasound with O-RADS, and management.

Causes of vaginal discharge and bleeding in girls, and the work-up and treatment of central versus peripheral precocious puberty.

Postmenopausal bleeding: causes and the endometrial assessment pathway—TVUS thickness thresholds, endometrial sampling and hysteroscopy.

No period by 15 with normal puberty (or by 13 without it): how to find out why menstruation has not started, and what to do.

Why periods stop after they have started: pregnancy, hypothalamic, pituitary, ovarian and uterine causes, how to work them up in order, and treatment.

Trauma-informed assessment and care after sexual assault, from first response to forensic evidence, prophylaxis, follow-up, consent and reporting.

Desire, arousal, orgasm and pain disorders in women: how they present, how to assess them, and evidence-based psychosexual, medical and menopausal treatments.

Medical and surgical abortion by gestation, mifepristone and misoprostol, complications, counselling, legal context, and post-abortion contraception.

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome: tampon-associated menstrual TSS, CDC criteria, and acute management.

Benign uterine smooth-muscle tumours: FIGO types, presentation, diagnosis, imaging and medical, interventional and surgical management.

Causes of vaginal discharge, from BV to atrophic, with focused history and exam, tests, treatment and a stepwise approach.

Vulvar and vaginal cancer: HPV and lichen sclerosus pathways, VIN, staging, treatment, DES-related clear cell cancer, and follow-up.

Adolescent health: confidentiality and consent, the HEADSS assessment, substance use, eating disorders, contraception, mental health, and transition to.

Congenital infections acquired before and around birth: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, syphilis, varicella, parvovirus and Zika.