Gastrointestinal

Groin and abdominal-wall hernias: types, anatomy of the inguinal and femoral canals, risk factors, examination, complications and evidence-based treatment.

How to read liver blood tests: injury versus cholestasis versus synthetic failure, jaundice patterns, and stepwise algorithms for investigation.

Achalasia and other oesophageal motility disorders: symptoms, manometry, classification and treatment from dilation to POEM.

A common surgical emergency: how obstruction of the appendix leads to pain, perforation and abscess, and how it is diagnosed and treated.

How gallstone obstruction inflames the gallbladder, how we recognise, grade and image it, and how we treat it safely.

Acute liver failure: causes, critical care, King's College criteria, and when emergency liver transplantation saves life.

Sudden loss of intestinal blood flow: causes, presentation, CT angiography, and time-critical revascularisation and bowel resection.

Acute pancreatitis: causes from gallstones to alcohol and drugs, Revised Atlanta diagnosis and severity, fluids, feeding, ERCP, and complications.

Whole spectrum from steatosis to cirrhosis, with diagnosis, severity scores, steroid treatment and withdrawal care for alcoholic hepatitis.

How HPV-driven anal squamous cell cancer develops, who is at risk, how it is staged and treated with chemoradiotherapy, and how precancerous lesions are.

How appendiceal neuroendocrine, mucinous and glandular tumours present, how they are staged, and when right hemicolectomy, cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC.

How to assess diarrhoea: mechanisms, acute and chronic causes, dehydration, stool tests, treatment and red flags.

Autoimmune hepatitis: who it affects, how it is diagnosed, and how immunosuppression controls it long term.

Gut neuroendocrine tumours: grading, why carcinoid syndrome needs liver metastases, flushing, diarrhoea, heart valves, diagnosis and modern treatment.

Choledocholithiasis, acute cholangitis and gallstone ileus: presentation, diagnosis, risk stratification, antibiotics, ERCP and urgent biliary drainage.

Gallstones: types, risks, biliary colic, complications, ultrasound diagnosis, treatment, and low-resource guidance.

Progressive irreversible inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas causing pain, exocrine insufficiency and diabetes; causes, diagnosis, and treatment.

Bridging fibrosis and regenerative nodules: causes, portal hypertension, clinical signs, tests, scores, management and prognosis of cirrhosis.

How Clostridioides difficile injures the colon, how it is found, and how current guidelines treat, prevent and guard against recurrence.

Immune-mediated small-bowel disease triggered by gluten in HLA-DQ2 or DQ8 carriers, from definition to diagnosis, diet and complications.

Colorectal cancer from polyp to metastasis: epidemiology, risk factors, site-specific presentation, staging, surgery, chemotherapy and screening.

Benign mucosal growths and the hereditary syndromes behind them; how they become cancer, how colonoscopy removes them, and when to look again.

How cirrhosis affects the brain, kidneys, veins and clotting, and how to recognise and manage each complication.

Causes, warning signs, anorectal physiology, assessment and a practical management ladder for constipation and faecal incontinence in adults.

Transmural IBD from mouth to anus: episodic pain, diarrhoea, strictures and fistulas, and stepwise then advanced therapy.

Diverticulosis and its complications - bleeding, diverticulitis and SCAD - from pathogenesis to management.

Causes, patterns, diagnosis, causality and treatment of drug-induced liver injury, with the paracetamol nomogram and acetylcysteine.

A practical approach to difficulty swallowing and pain on swallowing: telling oropharyngeal from oesophageal causes, red flags, first tests and treatment.

How eosinophilic inflammation causes dysphagia and food impaction, how biopsy finds EoE, and how PPIs, topical steroids, diet and dupilumab treat it.

Functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis: how they overlap, how to tell them apart, and how to manage them.

How biliary tract cancers arise, how they are classified, how gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma are found, and how they are treated.

A common upper GI malignancy with marked geographic variation: how it develops, presents, is staged, and is treated today.

Classification, diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori and non-H. pylori gastritis, with stress ulcer prophylaxis and gastric cancer prevention.

What GERD and Barrett oesophagus are, how they present and are diagnosed, and how they are managed from lifestyle measures and PPIs to surgery.

How to recognise, assess, investigate and treat bleeding anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, from first approach to prevention.

Iron overload disorders: HFE and non-HFE haemochromatosis, secondary iron overload, symptoms, tests, phlebotomy and complications.

Simple cysts, haemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma: diagnosis, imaging and management, with cross-check against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Chronic hepatitis B and D: virology, serology, natural history, treatment with tenofovir or entecavir, prevention, and severe HDV co-infection.

What hepatitis C is: transmission, natural history, screening, diagnosis, curative direct-acting antiviral therapy, follow-up and prevention.

Acute and chronic hepatitis: causes, phases, the five hepatotropic viruses, acute liver failure recognition and ICU care, and hepatitis A and E management.

Hepatocellular carcinoma: risks, surveillance, diagnosis, staging with BCLC, treatment, and how other liver masses differ.

A hernia of stomach through the diaphragmatic hiatus: types, symptoms, Cameron anaemia, imaging, surgery for paraesophageal hernia, and emergencies.

Ileus and Ogilvie syndrome: causes, diagnosis and stepwise management from conservative care to neostigmine, decompression and surgery.

Infectious diarrhoea and foodborne illness: causes, clinical clues, testing and management.

How Candida, herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus inflame the oesophagus, how they are diagnosed, treated and prevented.

Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators and biologics in IBD; how to escalate therapy and how to run colonoscopic cancer surveillance.

A common gut-brain axis disorder: symptom-based diagnosis, subtype classification, and step-by-step, safe management.

Sudden colonic ischemia, usually segmental and left-sided: how it presents, how we confirm and stage it, and when surgery is needed.

Inherited disorders with isolated bilirubin rises: bilirubin metabolism, Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson and Rotor syndromes, neonatal jaundice.

How large bowel obstruction and volvulus present, are diagnosed on imaging, and are managed from resuscitation to stenting, diversion and resection.

Pyogenic and amoebic liver abscess and hydatid cyst: how they form, how to diagnose, and how to treat them.

Malabsorption and maldigestion: from physiology to classified causes, symptoms, investigations and management, with a full section on lactose intolerance.

Superficial retching-induced tears at the cardia versus full-thickness oesophageal rupture: how to tell them apart and treat both.

What MASLD is, how it progresses to cirrhosis and cancer, how to assess fibrosis, and how to manage it in adults.

Chronic watery diarrhoea in older adults (microscopic colitis, budesonide) and intestinal failure after major small-bowel resection (short bowel syndrome).

What oesophageal cancer is, how it presents and is diagnosed and staged, and how it is treated by stage in high- and low-resource settings.

Oesophageal pouches: Zenker's, mid-oesophageal traction and epiphrenic diverticula, with causes, symptoms, barium diagnosis and treatment.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment, screening and prognosis.

What functioning pancreatic NETs are, how insulinoma and VIPoma present, how they are diagnosed, and how each is treated.

Peptic ulcer disease: causes, symptoms, endoscopic diagnosis, eradication of H. pylori, and management of bleeding, perforation and obstruction.

How secondary peritonitis develops from a perforated or necrotic hollow viscus, how it is recognised, imaged, resuscitated, and when surgical source control.

Acquired disease of hair follicles in the natal cleft, from acute abscess to chronic sinus: differential diagnosis, modern treatment and low-resource care.

Portal hypertension and its consequences, cirrhotic ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: causes, SAAG-based diagnosis, grading and stepwise management

Autoimmune destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts; raised ALP and AMA in middle-aged women, with UDCA first-line therapy.

Chronic cholestatic disease: inflammation and fibrosis of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, IBD link, beaded MRCP, no proven drug, transplant definitive.

Mechanical blockage of the small intestine: causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis by CT and water-soluble contrast, and when to operate or observe.

Small bowel tumours—adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, neuroendocrine tumours, metastases—and GIST: presentation, work-up and treatment.

Inflammatory bowel disease: how ulcerative colitis presents, is diagnosed, scored, treated, and followed; Crohn disease compared on the features that matter.

Rare autosomal recessive copper overload of liver, brain, cornea and kidney: copper studies, Leipzig score, lifelong chelator or zinc treatment.

A gastrin-secreting tumour of the duodenum or pancreas causing acid hypersecretion, refractory ulcers and diarrhoea, often tied to MEN1.

Amoebiasis, giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis: diagnosis and treatment of the main intestinal protozoal infections.

Acute watery diarrhoea caused by Vibrio cholerae: how rice-water stool dehydrates, and the rehydration, antibiotics, vaccines and outbreak control that save.

Approach to the acute abdomen: peritonitis, obstruction, perforation, mesenteric ischaemia, work-up, imaging, resuscitation and when to operate.

Graded care for haemorrhoids, fissure, abscess and fistula, with pruritus ani, incontinence outline and anal cancer red flags.

When to abbreviate laparotomy, control bleeding and contamination, leave the abdomen open, and recognise and treat abdominal compartment syndrome.

Salivary gland stones and sialadenitis, pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin tumour, malignant salivary cancers, facial nerve risk, imaging, FNA and parotidectomy.

Ileostomy versus colostomy, indications, complications and high-output stomas, surgical drains and tubes, and the typical complications of common operations.

Surgical sepsis and intra-abdominal infection: peritonitis, abscess and source control, anastomotic leak, antibiotics, and sepsis care.

Blunt and penetrating injury to the abdomen and pelvis: assessment, solid and hollow organ damage, pelvic fractures, and abdominal compartment syndrome.

Trauma to abdominal solid organs and hollow viscera: mechanisms, imaging, grading, non-operative and operative management, guideline-based care.

How paracetamol harms the liver, how to read the Rumack-Matthew nomogram, and how acetylcysteine and transplant teams limit damage.

Pruritus and bile acids in ICP, ursodeoxycholic acid and delivery timing, plus AFLP and the HELLP differential.

Acute gastroenteritis in children: recognising viral and bacterial causes, dehydration, ORS and zinc, red flags and rotavirus vaccination.

Congenital structural defects present at birth: abdominal wall, neural tube, GI, diaphragmatic, craniofacial and genital anomalies.

Functional constipation and overflow encopresis in children: assessment, red flags, disimpaction, maintenance laxatives and long-term care.

Slow weight gain in children: definition, causes, assessment, feeding history, investigations and management (NICE NG75).

A congenital absence of distal bowel ganglion cells from failed neural-crest migration: why neonates fail to pass meconium, how it is confirmed, and how it.

Breastfeeding, formula, weaning, and practical approaches to regurgitation, colic and cow's milk protein allergy in infants.

Telescoping of the intestine in infants: causes, recognition, ultrasound and enema reduction, surgery, and recurrence.

Congenital midgut malrotation and its most dangerous complication, midgut volvulus: embryology, bilious neonatal vomiting as an emergency, diagnosis and the.

A vitelline duct remnant in the ileum, the commonest congenital gut anomaly: ectopic gastric mucosa, painless bleeding, obstruction, and the Meckel scan.

Necrotising enterocolitis in premature infants: risk factors, presentation, imaging, Bell staging, management, complications and prevention with breast milk.

Neonatal jaundice: why most newborns turn yellow, who is at risk of severe disease, and how to diagnose, treat and prevent kernicterus.

A common childhood threadworm: perianal itching at night, how tape testing finds it, and how to treat the child and the household.

Approach to poisoned children: assessment, decontamination, antidotes, and management of paracetamol, iron, button batteries, caustics and household products.

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: gastric outlet obstruction, projectile vomiting, metabolic alkalosis, ultrasound diagnosis and pyloromyotomy.

SAM and MAM in childhood: definitions by MUAC and z-scores, kwashiorkor and marasmus, outpatient RUTF care, and inpatient F-75/F-100 phases.