Respiratory

Acute pharyngitis: why most sore throats are viral, how to spot and test for group A strep, antibiotic choice and duration, complications and red flags.

Viral and bacterial acute sinusitis: how to tell them apart, diagnose by symptoms, treat, and avoid complications.

Bacillus anthracis infection in all its forms: cutaneous, inhalational, gastrointestinal, and injection disease, with diagnosis, CDC-guided treatment and.

How bacteria resist antibiotics (MRSA, ESBL, CRE), how infection control limits spread, and how stewardship guides drug choice.

Every form of aspergillosis, for everyone who breathes in Aspergillus spores: infection in the neutropenic, allergy in asthmatics, fungus balls in old.

Babesiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever: tick-borne Babesia haemolytic anaemia and Rickettsia vasculitis, with diagnosis and treatment.

Bacterial and viral meningitis: causes, red flags, CSF findings, empiric antibiotics, dexamethasone, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination.

A focal pus collection in the brain: sources, bugs, ring-enhancing imaging, why lumbar puncture is dangerous, and how to treat it.

How cellulitis, cutaneous abscess, erysipelas and necrotising soft tissue infection are recognised and treated, including MRSA, drainage and surgical source.

Chlamydia and other urethritis and cervicitis: microbiology, serovars, presentation, complications, diagnosis, treatment, neonatal infection, and.

Community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia: pathogens, presentation, severity scores, imaging, treatment with doses, complications and prevention.

COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection) and other common respiratory viruses: presentation, testing, treatment, vaccines and prevention.

Cryptococcal meningitis: subacute fungal meningoencephalitis in advanced HIV, its diagnosis, and treatment with amphotericin, flucytosine and fluconazole.

Diphtheria toxin from toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae forms a pseudomembrane and attacks heart, nerves and kidneys; antitoxin, antibiotics and.

Encephalitis: causes, presentations, CSF and imaging, aciclovir dosing, autoimmune treatment, prognosis and low-resource care.

Three dimorphic fungi acquired from soil: how they differ in geography, tissue form, presentation, diagnosis and treatment.

How to define, investigate and manage prolonged unexplained fever in adults, from the classic definition through modern stepwise evaluation.

How to sort painful from painless genital ulcers and warts, stage the work-up, and treat first-line, including herpes in pregnancy and HPV vaccination.

Purulent urethritis, cervicitis, pharyngeal and rectal infection, DGI and neonatal conjunctivitis from Neisseria gonorrhoeae; current diagnosis and treatment.

HIV and AIDS: virology, transmission, stages, diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, opportunistic infections, and prevention.

PrEP and PEP for HIV: regimens, monitoring and dosing, testing strategy, U=U, occupational and sexual exposure, and regional differences.

Routine immunisation across the life course plus pre-travel advice, malaria prophylaxis, and the fever cross-check.

How hospitals prevent and control infection: standard and transmission-based precautions, hand hygiene, isolation, sharps safety, HAI bundles and.

How EBV causes mono: symptoms, tests, complications, treatment, sports safety, and low-resource care.

How valve infection starts, spreads and scars; how blood cultures and echo confirm it, and how antibiotics and surgery treat and prevent it.

What influenza is, how it presents, its complications, how tests and antivirals help, and how it is prevented.

Intestinal helminths (roundworm, hookworm, whipworm), Strongyloides hyperinfection and schistosomiasis: presentation, diagnosis, treatment with albendazole.

How the three major protozoal tropical infections present, how to diagnose them and how to treat and screen for them worldwide.

Four zoonotic bacterial fevers compared: exposure, presentation, diagnosis, treatment and notification (CDC, WHO).

Lyme disease, a tick-borne Borrelia infection: stages, rash-based diagnosis, two-tier serology, and antibiotic treatment.

Malaria caused by Plasmodium parasites: transmission, species, clinical features, severe disease, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Measles, mumps and rubella: recognition, complications, outbreak control, vaccination and congenital rubella.

Aedes-borne viruses compared by vector, region, features, diagnosis and care, with prevention and low-resource notes.

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): disseminated disease in advanced HIV, pulmonary disease in older women and chronic lung disease, with diagnosis.

Neutropenic fever explained: definition, likely organisms, emergency antibiotics, MASCC risk stratification, duration and prophylaxis.

Dental abscess and periodontal infections, Vincent angina, oral herpes, Ludwig angina, acute lymphadenitis, scrofula, cat-scratch disease and parotitis.

Oral thrush and Candida oesophagitis: who is at risk, how they present, how they are diagnosed and treated, with outlines of invasive and vulvovaginal.

Osteomyelitis: how bone infection starts, how to confirm it, and how to treat acute, vertebral and diabetic foot disease.

Fungal pneumonia of immunocompromised people: subacute dry cough, exertional hypoxia and ground-glass opacities; diagnosed by PCR on BAL; treated with.

Rabies after animal bites: risk assessment, wound washing, PEP with vaccine and immunoglobulin, and bite infections such as Pasteurella and Capnocytophaga.

What sepsis and septic shock are, how they harm organs, and how to recognise and treat them in the first hour.

Septic arthritis of native and prosthetic joints: synovial fluid diagnosis, surgical drainage, and antibiotic treatment.

A systemic infection with Treponema pallidum that mimics many diseases; how it is staged, diagnosed with serology, and cured with penicillin.

Tetanus: how Clostridium tetani toxin causes spastic paralysis, how it is recognised, treated, prevented and vaccinated against.

A practical approach to fever in someone recently returned from abroad: triage, malaria first, geography and incubation, and the key tropical infections.

Toxic shock syndrome from S. aureus and S. pyogenes: toxin-mediated shock, scarlet fever, diagnosis, and treatment.

Toxoplasma gondii infection: usually silent, dangerous in pregnancy and the immunosuppressed; cerebral, ocular and congenital disease.

Airborne infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: why most infections stay latent, how active disease presents in lung and elsewhere, how it is diagnosed.

Systemic enteric fever from Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi: presentation, complications, diagnosis, resistance-guided treatment, vaccines, and carriers.

Organisms and antimicrobial drugs in urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis: uropathogens, urine tests, treatment by group and setting, complications.

Primary varicella (chickenpox) and reactivation herpes zoster (shingles): epidemiology, features, complications, antivirals, vaccines, pregnancy and.

Viral haemorrhagic fevers: Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, CCHF, yellow fever, hantavirus and Rift Valley fever, with isolation, supportive care and antivirals.

Noncardiogenic acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: definitions, Berlin and 2023 global criteria, imaging, ventilation and outcomes.

Genetics, emphysema and liver disease in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency; testing in early COPD and augmentation therapy.

Obtain and interpret arterial blood gases: sampling safely, normal values, oxygenation and the A-a gradient, and respiratory versus metabolic disorders.

A chronic inflammatory airway disease causing wheeze and breathlessness, with reversible obstruction; modern stepwise management and acute care.

Permanent dilatation of the bronchi: causes, the cycle of inflammation and infection, diagnosis, management, complications, and low-resource care.

Causes, work-up and treatment of chronic cough and haemoptysis in adults, including red flags and life-threatening (massive) haemoptysis.

Chronic lung disease with persistent airflow obstruction: clinical features, diagnosis, staging, management and complications.

Classification, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary eosinophilia including ABPA, EGPA, eosinophilic pneumonia, and parasite- or drug-induced disease.

Immune-mediated lung disease from inhaled antigens: farmer's, bird fancier's, humidifier and hot-tub lung; non-fibrotic and fibrotic forms.

How hypoxaemia develops, how to read the blood gas and A-a gradient, and how to give oxygen and ventilatory support safely.

A restrictive interstitial lung disease: how idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other causes are classified, diagnosed, and managed.

Lung cancer from first suspicion to treatment by stage: risks, types, presentation, staging, molecular tests, and care in low-resource settings.

Lung transplantation for end-stage lung disease: indications, referral timing, surgery, complications, and palliative care.

Mediastinal masses by compartment, with thymoma: definition, imaging, biopsy, surgery, staging and management from ESMO, WHO and ITMIG.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma and other pleural tumours: asbestos risk, effusion presentation, thoracoscopic diagnosis, histology, staging and treatment.

How airway collapse in sleep causes apnoea, how AHI severity is graded, how to diagnose and treat OSA, and how obesity hypoventilation differs.

Oxygen prescribing, high-flow nasal cannula, CPAP, BiPAP, intubation indications, ventilator settings and weaning in adult respiratory failure.

How fluid accumulates in the pleural space, how transudates differ from exudates, and how to investigate, drain and treat effusions by cause.

How bacteria infect the pleural space and how aspiration abscesses form in the lung: stages, diagnosis, drainage, antibiotics, surgery, and outcomes.

Inhaled workplace dusts that scar the lungs: what silicosis, coal disease, asbestosis, beryllium disease, and byssinosis are, and how they differ.

Air in the pleural space: types, how it presents, how imaging diagnoses it, and how current guidelines manage spontaneous, traumatic and tension cases.

Acute pulmonary embolism: risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment with doses, and complications.

How lung volumes, airflow, gas transfer and blood gases are measured and what their patterns mean.

How high pulmonary pressures arise, are classified, diagnosed and treated, and what they mean for the right heart and cor pulmonale.

Pulmonary capillaritis and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage: GPA, anti-GBM disease and lupus, with causes, investigation, diagnosis and management.

A multisystem granulomatous disease: how noncaseating granulomas form, how sarcoidosis presents by organ, and how it is diagnosed and treated.

How to help a smoker quit, with brief advice, nicotine replacement, varenicline, bupropion, pulmonary rehabilitation and vaccination in chronic lung disease.

A rounded opacity up to 3 cm surrounded by aerated lung: how to tell benign from malignant and what to do next.

Upper airway obstruction and aspiration: recognition and management of stridor, foreign body, epiglottitis, vocal cord dysfunction, and aspiration.

Core ENT surgery for medical students: neck lumps, thyroglossal and branchial cysts, cancer red flags, tracheostomy, tonsil, sinus and hearing surgery.

Squamous cell cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx and nasopharynx: causes, warning signs, staging and treatment.

How to recognise and treat anaphylaxis and angioedema in adults, including adrenaline doses, biphasic reactions, ACE inhibitor and hereditary angioedema.

Carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning: sources, mechanisms, features, diagnosis, and treatment, including 100% oxygen, antidotes, and a comparison table.

Blunt thoracic trauma: rib fractures, flail chest, pulmonary contusion, pneumothorax and haemothorax — diagnosis and management with WSES 2025 guidance.

Chain and resuscitation for drowning, electrical and lightning injury, acute mountain sickness, HACE and HAPE, and decompression sickness.

Bleeding from the nose and other ear, nose and throat emergencies: what to do first, when to pack or cauterise, and when hearing loss or a sore throat is.

Recognising inhalation injury, protecting the airway, treating carbon monoxide and cyanide, and resuscitating large burns.

Neck and facial trauma: penetrating neck injury, airway and vascular damage, facial fractures, dental trauma, nasal septal haematoma.

Managing penetrating and blunt chest injury: assessment, life-saving interventions, diagnosis, and chest wall and organ-specific care.

Screening, prevention of vertical transmission, and treatment of infections during pregnancy, including GBS, HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, TORCH infections.

Acute otitis media in children: anatomy, otoscopy diagnosis, pain relief, watchful waiting, antibiotics, complications, tubes and prevention.

Viral lower respiratory infection in infants under 2: RSV is the main cause; care is supportive; drugs do not help; prevention for high-risk.

Preschool wheeze patterns, diagnosis by age, stepwise ICS-based treatment, and acute attack severity in childhood asthma.

How to recognise and manage the three big causes of acute stridor in children: viral croup, bacterial epiglottitis and bacterial tracheitis.

Autosomal recessive disorder of the CFTR chloride channel: thick mucus, chronic lung infection, pancreatic insufficiency, and modern genotype-directed therapy.

How to recognise, diagnose and manage food allergy and anaphylaxis in children, from IgE-mediated reactions to oral food challenges and early allergen.

How to recognise, relieve and remove airway foreign bodies in children, from bystander emergency care by age to bronchoscopy.

Infant HIV diagnosis, early ART, prophylaxis, feeding advice and preventing mother-to-child transmission.

Why surfactant deficiency in preterm infants causes RDS, how it presents and is diagnosed, and how CPAP, surfactant and gentle ventilation treat it.

How a newborn makes the transition from fetal to independent life, and how to recognise and treat the baby who does not breathe or circulate well at birth.

What neonatal sepsis is, why early-onset infection differs from late-onset, the GBS pathway, risk factors, signs, tests and the antibiotics used.

Whooping cough: a human-only toxin-mediated infection with catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescent stages; diagnosis, macrolide treatment, and vaccination.

What prematurity is, how it is defined, and the major complications of being born preterm, with their prevention and care.

Deep neck infections in children: tell retropharyngeal from peritonsillar abscess, protect the airway, and treat promptly.

SIDS, BRUE and safe sleep: reducing sudden infant deaths, safe-sleep rules, BRUE evaluation, and caring for bereaved families.